-«*IBP' 


TKeologicai.1  Seminawry 

R.eformed  Ch\irch  in  AinericaL 

The  Rev.  Archibatld  LaLidlie,  D.D.,  Me- 
morisvl  Fund  P\iblicoLtions  ^  ^  ^  No.  4. 


*     MA* 


09     *, 


AN  OUTLINE 
OF    CHURCH 
HISTORY 


BR 
149 
.D45 
1905 


>  PRINCETON.  N.  J.  *^ 


BR  149  .D45  1905 

Demarest,  William  H.  S.  186. 

-1956. 
An  outline  of  church  histor 


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AN    OUTLINE  OF  (*    MAY  20  1909 

CHURCH    HISTORY 


BY 


WILLIAM  H.  s/dEMAREST,  D.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ECCLESIASTICAL    HISTORY    AND    CHURCH 

GOVERNMENT   IN    THE   THEOLOGICAL    SEMINARY    OF 

THE  REFORMED   CHURCH   AT    NEW   BRUNSWICK 


EKINTED  FOR  THE  SEMINARY  BY 
THE  REV.  ARCHIBALD  LAIDLIE,  D.D.,  MEMORIAL  FUND 


190S 


c 


This  Outline  is  printed  for  the  aid  of  students  in  pre- 
paring for  the  class  room.  The  first  and  largest  group 
of  topics  is  arranged  with  reference  to  the  text-book  in 
use,  Professor  Henry  C.  Sheldon's  History  of  the 
'Qiristian  Church,  five  volumes,  and  is  in  efTect  an 
analysis  of  that  work.  The  second  group  is  of  more 
general  titles,  calling  for  summary  statement  of  chief 
subjects  in  the  field  of  Church  History.  The  topics  in 
the  third  group  introduce  to  more  particular  study  of 
the  Reformed  Church  in  the  Netherlands  and  of  the 
Reformed  Church  in  America,  especially  important  to 
students  in  this  Seminary. 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

October  ist,  1904. 


THE  EARLY  CHURCH. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  nature  of  the  Christian  Church  defined  by  "life"  and  "organism." 

The  Christian  Church  and  the  Jewish:  resemblance  and  contrast. 

Two  aspects  of  the  Christian  Church,  as  visible  and  invisible. 

Relation  of  the  life  of  the  Church  to  church  dogma. 

Relation  of  the  organism  of  the  Church  to  church  government. 

Three  main  divisions  of  Church  History  and  the  subdivisions. 

The  Roman  Empire  related  to  beginning  Christianity:  its  extent  and  glory. 

The  unifying  of  the  world  by  Rome:  the  various  aspects. 

Effect  of  Roman  jurisprudence:  type  of  Roman  citizenship. 

Greek  culture  related  to  Christianity:  three  contributions. 

The  state  of  morals:  contrast  with  moralism:  historic  tendency. 

Manner  of  life  of  Emperors  and  Court:  of  the  nobility. 

Manner  of  life  of  untitled  freemen:  of  freedmen:  of  slaves. 

Domestic  life  in  the  empire:   marriage,  divorce  and  degeneracy.. 

Amusements:  their  character,  patronage,  varieties,  cruelties. 

Extent  of  Roman  profligacy:   resistance  to  and  readiness  for  Christianity. 

The  state  of  pagan  religion:  two  tendencies  and  their  sources. 

Unbelief  of  the  age:  rise  in  political  changes  and  religious  diversities. 

The  unbelief  of  the  age  in  philosophic  circles:  among  the  people. 

Superstition  of  the  age:  its  rise,  progress  and  eccentricities. 

Sources  of  religious  desire  and  expectation:  Christianity's  aptness. 

The  Jews:  their  dispersion,  world-position,  religious  influence. 

First  Period.  30-313  a.  d. 
chapter  i. 

Credibility  of  Apostolic  History:  Renan's  absolute  rule:  answer. 
Reconstruction  of  Apostolic  History  by   Baur:   its  answer. 
Two  historical  difficulties  in  Acts  of  Apostles:   the  explanation. 
Pentecost  as  the  start  of  the  Church's  communal  life. 
Three  stages  of  development  in  the  Apostolic  age. 


Peter:  his  character,  and  Christ's  address  to  him. 

P'our  assumptions  by  Romanism  touching  Peter  and  the  papacy. 

Arguments  for  regarding  Peter's  Babylon  as  Rome:  counter  arguments. 

Testimony  arguing  Peter's  presence  in  Rome. 

Considerations  against  long  residence  by  Peter  at  Rome. 

Office  of  Peter,  if  at  Rome:  tradition  as  to  his  death:  his  epistles. 

Paul:   his  character,  education,  religious  zeal. 

Paul's  conversion  and  Christian  training. 

Paul's  first  missionary  journey:  the  second:  the  third. 

Grounds  for  assuming  a  fourth  missionary  journey. 

Paul's  epistles:   his  spirit:   his  type  of  Christian  teaching. 

James  the  Just:  suggestions  as  to  his  identity. 

James'  character:  and  estimate  of  his  epistle. 

John:  his  character,  and  special  Christian  conceptions. 

Evidence  as  to  John's  later  residence:   his  stand  against  error. 

The  genuineness  of  John's  gospel:  of  his  epistles:  of  the  apocalypse. 

Charisms:  the  gift  of  tongues:  the  gift  of  miracles. 

Two  principles  in  Apostolic  church  government. 

Officers  or  ministers  in  the  Apostolic  Church. 

The  qualifications  and  the  number  of  Apostles. 

Position  of  elders:  evidences  for  identity  with  bishops. 

Origin,  duties  and  later  usages  of  the  diaconate. 

Church  office  or  ministry  filled  by  women. 

CHAPTER   II. 
Evidences  of  Christianity's  early  growth. 

Early  Christianity  in  Asia,  in  Egypt,  in  Europe,  in  Britain. 
Attitude  of  Rome  toward  religions;  toward  Christianity. 
Causes  or  sources  of  Roman  persecution. 
Persecution  under  Nero,  and  under  Domitian. 
Trajan  and  his  persecution:  distinguished  martyrs. 
Persecution  under  Hadrian:  under  Antoninus  Pius. 
Marcus  Aurelius:  his  character  and  persecution. 
Persecution  under  Septimvis  Severus,  Decius  Trajan,   Valerian. 
Diocletian:  his  policy  and  persecuting  edicts:  the  issue  for  Christianity. 
Five  causes  assigned  by  Gibbon  for  Christianity's  success:  criticism. 
Estimate  of  first  three  centuries  as  a  martyr-age. 

6 


Estimates  of  Christianity  by  heathen  writers:   leading  critics. 
Lucian's  treatment  of  Christianity,   Celsus',  Porphyry's. 
Early  Apologists:  variant  attitudes  toward  heathen  culture. 
Defects  and  values  of  early  Apology:  lines  of  defence  presented. 
Apologists'  answer  as  to  the  State. 
Apologists'  answer  as  to  culture  and  morality. 
Apologists'  answer  as  to  heathenism's  folly  and  degradation. 
Apologists'  answer  as  to  Christianity's  fourfold  positive  evidence. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Origin  and  aspect  of  heresy:  three  classes  of  early  heresy. 
Judaistic  heresies:  their  general  characteristics. 
Ebionism:  system  of  Cerinthus:  Pseudo-Clementine  system. 
Gnostic  heresies:  three  especial  cavises:  materials  employed. 
Features  generally   found  in  Gnosticism:   differences:   era  and  influence. 
Leaders  and  classes  of  Gnostics. 

The  system  of  Basilides:  of  Valentinus:  of  Saturninus:  of  Marcion. 
Manichaeism:  its  founder:  its  ideas:  its  organization:   its  extent. 
Monarchianism:   its  characteristic   idea:   two   classes — their   leaders. 
Paul  of  Samosata  and  his  teaching:   Sabellius  and  his  teaching. 
Theology  against  heresy:  classes  of  early  writers. 
Apostolic  Fathers:  their  names  and  writings. 
Writers  of  the  Alexandrian  School:  writers  of  the  West. 
Three  sources  of  evidence  used  against  heresy. 
Philosophy  as  a  factor  in  early  theology.  . 

Content  of  the  Catholic  theology  in  the  early  church. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
The  ministerial  idea  in  the  early  Church. 

Rise  of  distinction  between  clergy  and  laity:  its  earliest  aspect. 
Five  stages  in  the  growth  of  the  episcopal  system. 
Rise  of  distinction  between  bishop  amd  presbyter. 
Growth  of  the  ecclesiastical  importance  of  the  bishop. 
Rise  of  the  archbishop:  and  of  the  patriarch. 
Conflict  of  episcopates:   tendency  toward  uaiversal  primacy. 
Early  assumpfions  of  the  Roman  bishop:  witness  of  Irenaeus  and  Cyprian. 
Nature  and  source  of  any  Roman  primacy  in  first  three  centuries. 
Early  occurrence  of  church  synods:  their  membership:  their  occasions. 


The  Council  of  Elvira:  its  records. 

Apostolic  Constitutions:  and  Apostolic  Canons. 

Church  discipline  as  committed  to  Apostles:  as  passed  on  to  the  Church. 

Offences  and  penalties  and  penitential  stages  in  the  early  Church. 

Rigid  and  lax  discipline  as  a  controversy  in  the  early  Church. 

Confession  of  sins  and  absolution  as  regarded  in  the  early  Church. 

Schisms  rising  from  question  of  discipline  in  the  early  Church. 

Montanism:  origin,  extent,  principles,  practices:  ideas  in  the  later  Church. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Early  observance  of  Sunday:  its  relation  to  the  Sabbath:  its  services. 

Three  yearly  festivals  in  the  early  Church:  variant  practice  as  to  Easter. 

Significance  of  baptism  in  the  early  Church:  explanation,  and  results. 

Early  form  of  baptism:  evidences  for  sprinkling;   and  for  immersion. 

Evidences  that  immersion  was  not  regarded  essential  in  the  early  Church. 

Infant  baptism  in  the  early  Church. 

Re-baptism  and  time  of  baptism  in  the  early  Church. 

Earliest  and  later  observance  of  confirmation. 

Earliest  customs  in  observing  the  Eucharist:  earliest  ideas. 

Aspects  of  early  Christian  life  as  contemporaneously  described. 

Early  Christianity  as  related  to  heathen  diversions. 

Early  Christianity  in  its  view  of  individual  and  of  the  race. 

Early  Christianity's  attitude  toward  slavery,  poverty,  pestilence. 

Early  Christianity  applied  to  marriage  and  domestic  life. 

Early  Christianity's  view  of  labor:  its  general  life-spirit. 

The  Catacombs:  their  origin,  description,  and  later  record. 

Objects  and  inscriptions  found  in  the  Catacombs. 

Seven  items  of  Christian  evidence  in  the  Catacombs. 

Tertullian:  his  life,  character,  accomplishment. 

Origan:   his  early  record,  church  experience,  character,  and  work. 

Second  Period,  313-590  a.  d. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Changed  conditions  and  distinguishing  facts  in  the  second  period. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Ccnstantine:   his  rise  to  imperial  throne:  his  motives  as  a  Christian. 
Tradition  as  to  Constantine's  sign  from  heaven:  estimate  of  it, 

8 


Constantine's  methods  related  to  Christianity  and  heathenism. 
Kelation  of  Constantine  and  Licinius:  war  and  its  issue. 
Constantine's  later  edicts  as  to  sacrifice:  his  patronage  of  Christianity. 
Attitude  of  Constantine  toward  heresy:  his  baptism. 
Estimates  of  Constantine,  eulogistic  and  the  reverse. 
Successors  of  Constantine  and  their  religious  policy. 
Julian  the  Apostate:  his  early  record:  encouragements  to  apostacy. 
Julian's  imperial  aim:  two  chief  means:  detail  procedure. 
Secret  of  Julian's  failure:  his  writing:  his  relation  to  the  Jews. 
Julian's  last  undertaking:  his  death:  estimate  of  his  character. 
Successors  of  Julian  and  their  policy:  Thecdosius  and  his  course. 
Successors  of  Theodosius  and  their  policy:  Justinian  and  heathenism. 
Heathen  apology  in  this  period:   its  new  position:   its  writers. 
Christian  apology  in  this  period:   its  position  and  chief  writers. 
Construction  and  general  scope  of  Augustine's  "City  of  God." 
Relation  of  Church  and  State,  negative  and  positive,  after  Constantine. 
Four  chief  results  to  the  Church  from  alliance  with  the  State. 
Two  chief  results  to  the  State  from  alliance  with  the  Church. 

CHAPTER  II. 
Christian  beginnings  in  Arabia. 

Christian  beginnings  in  Armenia:  and  among  the  Iberians. 
Characteristics  of  early  Christianity  in  Persia. 
Traditions  as  to  Christianity  early  in  India. 
Start  of  Christianity  in  Abyssinia. 

Entrance  of  Christianity  among  the  Goths:  the  chief  missionary. 
Earliest  missions  in  Ireland:  Patrick's  record  and  character. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Causes,  good  and  ill,  of  theological  controversy  after  Constantine. 
Phases  of  the  polemical  spirit  among  people  and  rulers. 
Aspects  of  the  Arian  controversy:  the  Arian  view:  Arius. 
The  Council  of  Nicaea:  its  members,  procedure,  three  parties. 
Decision  of  the  Council  of  Nicaea:  Arius  and  Athanasius  after  the  Council. 
Arianism  and  semi-Arianism  until  the  Council  of   Constantinople. 
Christological   controversy:   doctrine  of  Apollinaris. 

The  Antiochian  and  Alexandrian  Schools:  Nestorius'  and  Cyril's  doctrines. 
The  Council  of  Ephesus;  and  later  Nestorianism, 


The  doctrine  of  Eutyches:  the  Council  of  Chalcedon:  the  Monophysites. 

Origenistic  controversies  and  their  treatment. 

Controversies  in  anthropology:   ideas  of  Pelagianism:    and  its  record. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Two  principles  in  filling  ecclesiastical  positions:  practice  East  and  West. 
Two  tendencies  as  to  education  of  clergy:  early  theological  schools. 
The  question  of  clerical  celibacy:  action  of  early  councils. 
T,egislation  in  the  Greek  Church  as  to  clerical  celibacy:  in  Latin  Church. 
The  office  of  deacon  in  this  period:  of  archdeacon:  of  deaconess. 
The  bishop  in  this  period:  the  archbishop. 

Rise  of  the  patriarch:  the  patriarchate  cities:  the  chief  patriarchates. 
The  papacy  as   developed   or  original:   centralizing  tendencies. 
Reasons  for  dominant  centralization  at  Rome:  for  its  increase. 
Three  sources  of  evidence  against  a  real  papacy  in  this  period. 
Testimony  of  Fathers  and  historians  as  to  Roman  See  in  this  period. 
Testimony  of  Emperors  as  to  Roman  See  in  this  period. 
Threefold  testimony  of  Councils  as  to  Roman  See  in  this  period. 
Rise  of  title  "Pope":  early  eminent  Roman  prelates:  Leo  I. 
Tendencies  as  to  discipline  in  this  period. 

Confession  in  this  period:  understanding  of  it:  extent  of  its  requiring. 
Schisms  connected  with  discipline  in  this  period. 
The  Donatist  schism:  its  rise,  progress,  ideas:  answer  by  Augustine. 

CHAPTER  V. 
Law  of  Constantine  as  to  Sunday:  conception  of  Sunday  at  this  time. 
Sacred  days  other  than  Sunday:  establishing  of  Christmas  and  its  date. 
Yearly  festivals  added:  three  in  honor  of  the  Virgin. 
Sacramental  tendency  as  to  baptism:  as  to  the  eucharist. 
Tendencies  as  to  edifices  and  services. 

Early  reverence  for  martyrs:  customs  of  veneration  resulting. 
Honors  rendered  to  relics:  the  cross  of  Christ  in  legend  and  veneration. 
Regard  for  sacred  places:  and  veneration  of  images. 
Asserted  miracles  in  this  period:   six  off-setting  considerations. 
Diverse  aspects  of  Christian  life  in  this  period. 

Monasticism:   extra-Christian  basis:   seven  explanations  in  Christianity. 
Five  stages  in  the  history  of  Monasticism. 
Paul  of  Thebes:  Anthony — his  record,  character,  influence. 

10 


^riie  society  and  rules  of  Pachomius. 

Monastic  eccentricities  in  the  East:   Monasticism  in  the  West, 

Benedict  of  Nursia:  his  record,  monastic  rule,  and  influence. 

Contemporary  estimates  of   Monasticism,  unfavorable  and   favorable. 

Contributions  of  Monasticism  to  Christendom:  and  ill  results. 

Distinguished  men  in  the  Church  of  this  era. 

Athanasius:  his  character,  ability,  service,  romantic  career. 

Basil:  Gregory  of  Nazianzen:  Gregory  of  Nyssa. 

Chrysostom:   his  record:   doctrinal  position:   chief  distinction. 

Theodoret:  Ambrose:  Jerome. 

Augustine:   his  eminence,  character,  early  and  later  record. 

CHAPTER  VI. 
Place  and  significance  of  hymns:  their  characteristic  classes. 
Greek  hymns:  their  models,  three  eras,  and  chief  writers. 
Latin  hymns:  their  development,  chief  writers,  and  character. 
Liturgy:  its  earlier  and  later  meaning:  its  earliest  appearings. 
Groups  and  families  of  liturgies:  contrast  of  western  and  eastern. 
Architecture:  Christianity's  relation:  five  stages  before  the  Reformation. 
The  Basilican  Church  architecture:  interior  and  exterior  form. 
Earliest  Church  buildings  known  by  ruins  or  historic  notice. 
Byzantine  Church  architecture:  characteristics  and  chief  examples. 
Sculpture  and  painting  in  Christian  use:  earliest  subjects. 
Later  realism  in  Christian  painting:  mosaic  work  and  its  influence. 

THE  MEDIAEVAL  CHURCH. 
INTRODUCTION. 
The  new  age  contrasted  with  the  earlier. 

First  Period,  590-1073  a.  d. 
chapter  i. 

The  Barbarians:  their  government,  occupation,  character,   religion. 
Chief  tribes  and  movements  and  leaders  of  the  barbarians. 
The  Alemanni:  Franks:   Saxons:  Goths:  Vandals:  Huns. 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire:  the  Exarchate  of  Ravenna. 
Barbarian  success  related  to   Christianity:   evil  and  good  aspects. 

II 


CHAPTER  II. 
Missions:  the  movement  and  its  chief  source  from  sixth  century. 
Columba:  his  character  and  work:  his  mission-house:  the  Culdees. 
Mission  to  the  Anglo-Saxons:  its  start,  earliest  fields  and  success. 
Christianity  in  Kent:  in  Northumberland:   later  record  in  England. 
Differences  between  Anglo-Saxon  and  British  Churches:  the  issue. 
Columbanus:   his  character  and  record. 

Earliest  missionary  to  Switzerland:  to  Germany:  to  the  Netherlands. 
Winfrid  (Boniface) :  his  origin,  record  as  missionary  and  organizer,  death. 
Christianity  among  the  Saxons:  its  difficulty  and  progress. 
Scandinavia:   patrons  of   Christianity  and   chief  missionary. 
Anschar:  his  record  in  Denmark  and  Sweden. 
Christian  beginnings  in  Norway:  in  Iceland:   in  Greenland. 
Christian  movement  among  Slavonians,  Bulgarians,  Russians,  Hungarians. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Mohammedanism:  its  founder's  spirit  and  record:  the  Hegira. 
The  Koran:  its  sources,  religious  teachings  and  social  system. 
Mohammedanism's  method  of  conquest,  and  its  extent. 
Effect  of  Mohammedan  rul^  on  Christianity:  its  gift  of  learning. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Rise  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty:  Charles  Martel:  Pepin. 
Charlemagne's  ideal  and  success:  his  work  for  civilization:  his  character. 

Alfred  the  Great:  his  character  and  rule:  work  for  learning  and  religion. 

Illustrious  sovereigns  in  Germany  of  this  period. 

CHAPTER  V. 
The  age  as  related  to  doctrine:  chief  scholars:  two  chief  controversies. 
The  Monothelite  doctrine:  occasion,  course  of  dispute,  condemnation. 
The  Monothelite  controversy  as  bearing  on  papal  infallibility. 
The  Iconoclastic  controversy:  proportions,  origin,  opposing  arguments. 
I,eo  the  Isaurian  and  his  successors  in  iconoclastic  controversy. 
The  Council  of  754,  and  of  787:  final  issue  of  the  controversy. 
Imperial  and  papal  attitude,  west,  toward  iconoclasm:  Libri  Carolini. 
Divergences  of  Greek  and  Latin  Church:  "filioque"  dispute:  separation. 
Three  disputes  within  the  Latin  Church:  thesis  of  transubstantiation. 
Heretical  sects  of  this  period:  the  Paulicians. 

12 


CHAPTER  Vt. 
Church  and  State  as  mutually  encroaching  and  conceding. 
Rights  claimed  by  the  Church:  dignities  conceded  it:  the  results. 
The  State's  trespass  on  the  domain  of  the  Church:  the  effect. 
State  of  clerical  education:  conditions  as  to  celibacy:  synodal  action. 
Conditions  as  to  the  episcopate:  episcopate  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
Trend  toward  papal  theocracy:   resistances  and  hindrances. 
General  character  of  the  popes:  the  two  worthiest  of  the  period. 
Gregory  the  Great:  his  time,  character,  influence,  eminence. 
Nicholas  I:  his  conflict  with  Photius:  with  Lothaire:  with  Hincmar. 
Papal  promoting  by  society's  confusion:   by  patronage:    by  appeals. 
The  pope's  acquisition  of  temporal  sovereignty. 
The  False  Decretals:  their  origin:  their  claims:  their  contents. 
The  manner  of  electing  the  pope:  his  confirming  of  episcopal  elections. 
Views  and  practices  as  to  confession:  severity  and  laxity  in  discipline. 
Principal  acts  of  discipline:  the  interdict:   the  excommunication. 

CHAPTER   VII. 
Usage  as  to  Sunday  in  this  period:  and  as  to  preaching. 
Customs  as  to  baptism:  views  and  customs  as  to  the  Eucharist. 
Worship  of  saints  and  relics:  pilgrimages:  flagellations. 
Monasticism:   two  aspects  of  it:   notable  representatives:   Beda. 
The  Ordeal — its  ideas  and  forms:  the  Truce  of  God. 

Second  Period.  1073-1294  a.  d. 

INTRODUCTION. 
Characteristics  of  the  period:  developments  and  climaxes. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Course  of  political  affairs  in  Italy. 

Conditions  of  political  life  in  Germany:    noted  rulers. 
Political  developments  in  France:  noted  kings:  Louis  IX. 
Norman  conquest  of  England:   feudal  system:  Church  tendencies. 
Spain:   the  new  conflict  of  Mohammedanism  and  Christianity. 

CHAPTER  II. 
The  papal  theocracy  in  ideal  and  in  fact:  its  great  representatives. 
Gregory  VII:  his  prior  position:  his  character:  his  election. 

13 


Gregory  Vil*s  papal  claims:  his  legate  system:  three  items  of  reform. 

Gregory  VII's  conflict  with  Henry  IV:  its  origin,  course,  issue. 

Estimate  of  Gregory  VII's  pontificate:  events  thereafter. 

The  Concordat  of  Worms  and  papal  difficulties  thereafter. 

Arnold  of  Brescia:  Pope  Adrian  IV. 

Alexander  III:  his  conflict  with  rival  popes:  with  Emperor  Frederic. 

Thomas  Becket:  his  ecclesiastical  and  civil  record. 

Becket's  dispute  with  Henry  II:  its  cause  and  issue. 

Innocent  III:  imperial  conditions  in  his  time:  reach  of  the  papacy. 

Innocent  III:  his  character,  learning,  papal  theory  and  practice. 

Conflicts  of  Innocent  III:   his  political  course  in  Germany. 

Conflict  of  Innocent  III  in  France:  occasion  and  outcome. 

Conflict  of  Innocent  III  with  John  of  England:  its  issue. 

Innocent  III  related  to  Spain  and  Portugal:  to  Crusade. 

Course  of  Innocent  III  as  to  heresy,  as  a  persecutor. 

The  Albigenses:  their  history,  doctrine,  customs. 

The  Cathari:  their  record,  beliefs,  customs. 

Estimate  of  Innocent  III  and  his  reign. 

Course  of  papal  decline  after  Innocent  III. 

Continuance  of  persecution  of  heresy:  restriction  of  laity. 

Conflict  of  Frederic  II  with  successive  popes:  effect  on  the  papacy. 

Money  exactions  of  the  popes:  their  evil  representatives:  nepotism. 

Interchange  of  jurisdictions  by  Church  and  State. 

Abuses  in  clerical  character  and  ofiice. 

Developed  views  of  confession  and  absolution:  Fourth  Lateran  Council. 

Decrees  as  to  heresy:  and  legislation  as  to  detail  of  life. 

CHAPTER  III. 

The  Crusades:  their  extent:   four  principal  factors  inspiring. 
Peter  the  Hermit:  organization  and  record  of  First  Crusade. 
The  Second  Crusade:  the  Third:  the  Fourth:  the  Fifth. 
The  Children's  Crusade:  the   Sixth:   the  Seventh:  the  Eighth. 
The  Military  Orders  surviving  the  Crusades. 
Direct  and  indirect  results  of  the  Crusades. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Two  monastic  fraternities  born  in  eleventh  century:  their  founders. 
Bernard  of  Clairveaux:  his  time,  early  life,  monastic  experience. 

14 


Bernard's  influence  in  religious  and  political  world. 

Bernard  and  Abelard:  their  view  points:  the  controversy. 

Bernard  and  the  Second  Crusade:  his  death:  estimate  of  him. 

Early  mendicant  orders:  the  two  greatest:  spirit  of  them. 

Francis  of  Assisi:  his  character,  principles,  record. 

Dominic:  his  spirit,  special  work,  manner  of  life,  founding  of  order. 

System  of  the  Franciscans  and  Dominicans:  their  design  and  methods. 

Influence  of  the  mendicant  orders:  conflicts  involved. 

Laxness  as  to  mendicant  standard:  divergent  societies. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Scholasticism:  its  golden  age:  its  definition:  its  work. 

Successive  leaders  of  the  scholastic  learning. 

Mysticism:  its  principle,  relation  to  scholasticism,  and  to  orthodoxy. 

Heterodox  mysticism:  its  general  tenets  and  its  leaders. 

Orthodox  mysticism:   its  leaders:  the  teachings  of  Bernard. 

Teaching  of  Hugo  of  St.  Victor:  of  Richard  of  St.  Victor. 

Life  and  teaching  of  Bonaventura:  Albertus  Magnus. 

Third  Period,  1294-1517  a.  d. 

INTRODUCTION. 
General  aspects  of  the  period  in  the  line  of  development. 

CHAPTER  I. 
Political  conditions  in  Italy:   Rienzi:  Ghibelline  movement. 
The  imperial  idea  in  Germany. 
Political  events  in  France:  Joan  of  Arc. 
Two  developments  in  English  political  history. 

CHAPTER  II. 
The  several  eras  in  the  state  of  the  papacy. 

Boniface  VIII:  his  policy  and  its  opposition:  way  of  his  election. 
Boniface  in  Italian  affairs:  as  to  Sicily:  with  the  Colonnas. 
Boniface  in  German  affairs:  and  in  the  English-French  hostility. 
Boniface  in  further  relations  with  Edward  of  England. 
Boniface  in  further  relations  with  Philip  the  Fair  of  France. 
Boniface's  papal  claims:  the  climax:  his  death:  the  issues. 

15 


The  succession  to  Boniface:  the  "Babylonish  Captivity." 

The  downfall  of  the  Templars:  the  cause:  accusations  and  answers. 

The  Avignon  Popes  in  political  relations:  their  personal  character. 

The  "Great  Schism":  its  origin,  its  continuance,  its  result. 

The  "Reforming  Councils":  Council  of  Pisa — its  action,  and  issue. 

The  Council  of  Constance:  its  character,  and  dealing  with  the  schism. 

Significant  assertion  of  prerogative  at  Council  of  Constance. 

Other  actions  of  Council  of  Constance:  after-pontificate  of  Martin  V. 

Council  of  Basle:  its  occasion,  struggle  with  papacy,  and  end. 

Distinction  of  Nicholas  V:  of  Calixtus  III:  of  Pius  II. 

Period  of  papacy's   worst  infamy:   names  and  characteristics. 

Sixtus  IV:  Innocent  VIII:  Alexander  VI — the  Borgias. 

Julius  II  and  Leo  X:  general  state  of  clerical  life. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Early   representatives  of  criticism  and  reform:   general  teachings. 
Aegidius  of  Rome;  John  of  Paris:  their  teachings. 
Marsilius  of  Padua — contents  of  Defensor  Pacis:  William  Occam. 
Clemangis:  Gerson:  d'Ailly:  Valla. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Origin  of  the  Waldenses:  Peter  Waldo:  account  of  Reinerus. 
Tradition  as  to  earlier  origin  of  Waldenses  and  as  to  their  character. 
Relation  of  Waldenses  to  Roman  Church:  doctrinal  divergences. 
Spread  of  the  Waldenses:  their  war  of  defense. 

CHAPTER  V. 
John  Wycliffe:  his  Reformation  eminence:  aspect  of  his  life, 
Wyckliffe  as  a  man  of  the  University:  his  philosophy. 
Wyckliffe  as  a  man  of  the  State:  his  activity,  his  theory,  the  opposition. 
Wyckliffe  as  a  man  of  the  Church:  his  relation  to  Reformation  principles. 
Wyckliffe's  ideas  as  to  indulgences,  confession,  supererogation,  saints. 
Wyckliffe's  teaching  as  to  papal  claims,  sacraments,  monasticism,  war. 
Three  practical  expedients  in  Wyckliffe's  reforming  work. 
Translation  of  the  Bible  by  Wyckliffe:  its  predecessors,  its  succession. 
The  personal  fortunes  of  Wyckliffe:  his  death:  estimate  by  the  Church, 
The  Lollards:   the  name,  the  party,  the  persecution:   Lord  Cobham. 

i6 


CHAPTER  VI. 
Bohemia  as  a  soil  for  Reformation  spirit:  the  University  of  Prague. 
Three  early  Reformers  in  Bohemia:  distinctive  work  of  each. 
Influence  of  Bohemian  reformers  on  Huss:  his  chief  source  of  preparing. 
John  Huss:  his  early  life:  his  preaching:  three  causes  of  attack. 
Papal  attack  upon  Huss:  his  attitude:  the  judgment:  his  De  Ecclesia. 
Council  of  Constance  and  John  Huss:  "safe-conduct,"  trial,  martyrdom. 
Jerome  of  Prague:  his  character  and  work;  at  Constance — his  recantation. 
Jerome  before  the  Council  of  Constance:  his  eloquence:  his  martyrdom. 
Reasons  for  arraignment  of  reformers  by  "Reforming  Council." 
The  Council  of  Constance  and  the  Bohemian  people. 
Two  parties  of  the  Hussites:  characteristics  of  each. 
The  Bohemian  movement  related  to  the  crown:  the  issue. 

CHAPTER   VII. 
Climax  and  character  of  mysticism:  chief  representatives. 
Eckhart:  his  life  and  his  philosophic  system. 
Tauler:  his  life,  his  association,  his  teachings. 
Suso;  his  life  and  thought:  Ruysbroek's  place  and  spirit. 
Gerhard  Groot:  Brethren  of  the  Common  Life — their  character  and  work. 
Thomas  a  Kempis:  his  life,  teaching,  and  relation  to  the  Church. 
John  Wessel:  his  life,  and  relation  to  the  Reformation. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Savonarola:  his  times,  his  character,  his  early  record. 

Savonarola  at  Florence  in  Church  and  in  State. 

Savonarola  opposed  by  people  and  Pope:   martyrdom. 

Savonarola  related  to  the  Reformation:  his  spirit:  estimate  by  the  Church. 

CHAPTER  IX. 
The  Greek  Church:  eastern  dynasties  and  state  of  the  empire. 
Latin  rule  in  the  east:  Greek  restoration:  conquest  by  the  Turks. 
Church  Union  schemes:   Michael  Palaeologus:  John  VII. 
The  Greek  Church  in  theology,  in  scholarship:  under  the  Turks. 
The  Russian  Church:  its  organization,  ceremonial,  state  of  life. 
The  Tartar  conquest:  restoration  under  Ivan  III  and  Sophia. 

17 


CHAPTER  X. 

Greek  hymns:  celebrated  writers  and  productions. 

Latin  hymns  and  hymn  writers  from  6th  to   loth  centuries. 

Latin  hymns  and  hymn  writers  in   nth  and  12th  centuries. 

Latin  hymns  and  hymn  writers  in   13th  century. 

Better  and  lower  aspects  of  mediaeval  hymnology:  degrees  of  "worship." 

Architecture:   the  Romanesque — its  details  and  specimens:   the  Norman. 

Gothic  architecture:  its  period,  its  eminence,  its  characteristics. 

Noted  specimens  of  Gothic  architecture:  transition  to  Renaissance. 

Painting:  new  movement  in  Italy:  its  pioneers:  its  two  schools. 

Giotto  and  his  successors:  Fra  Angelico  and  his  predecessors. 

Schools  of  painting  in  Germany:  chief  painters  in  the  Netherlands. 

The  great  era  of  Italian  art:  noted  names:  the  three  preeminent. 

Leonardo  da  Vinci  and  his  work:  Michael  Angelo  and  his  work. 

Raphael:  his  characteristics,  greatest  creations,  influence. 

THE  MODERN  CHURCH. 
Part  i. 

INTRODUCTION. 
The  world's  new  outlook  at  the  sixteenth  century. 
Reformation:  relation  to  the  Roman  Church:  to  the  early  Church. 
Reformation  principles  on  the  positive  side:  on  the  negative  side. 
Good  and  ill  aspects  of  the  Reformation:  its  period  and  turning  point. 

First  Period,  1517-1 648  a.  d. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Humanism:  its  character:  its  twofold  relation  to  the  Reformation. 

Humanism  in  Italy:  its  favoring  conditions,  period,  representatives. 

Italian  Humanists  related  to  Christianity. 

Humanism  in  Spain:  Humanism  in  France. 

Distinguished  Humanists  in   England:  John   Colet:    Thomas  More. 

John  Reuchlin:  his  life,   scholarship,  relation  to  the  Reformation. 

Ulrich  von  Hutten:  his  life,  spirit,  literary  productions. 

Erasmus:  his  life,  abilities,  four  contributions  to  the  Reformation. 

Erasmus  as  apart  from  the  Reformation:  intellectual  and  personal  reasons. 

18 


CHAPTER  II. 
The  Empire  in  theory  and  in  fact:  the  reign  of  Maximilian. 
Charles  V:  extent  of  empire,  real  resources,  revolt  of  nobles. 
The  Peasant  Revolt:  its  causes  and  its  complications. 
Rulers  related  to  Roman  Church:   Maximilian:   Charles:   Elector  Frederic. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Martin  Luther:  his  early  life,  course  of  study,  religious  experience. 
I,uther  at  Erfurt  and  at  Wittenberg:  as  professor,  as  preacher. 
Luther's  visit  to  Rome:  to  the  cloisters  of  Germany:   developing  ideas. 
The  sale  of  indulgences:  its  manner:  three  graces  sold:  John  Tetzel, 
Luther's  theses:  time  and  place  and  general  contents. 
Luther's  spirit  in  his  theses:  their  reception  by  people:  and  by  Pope. 
Start  of  conflict  between  Rome  and  Luther:  legates,  Cajetan  and   Miltitz. 
The  Leipzig  Disputation:  the  result  for  Luther. 
Three  important  writings  of  Luther  appearing  in   1520. 
The  papal  bull  (1520):  Luther's  reception  of  it:  the  Diet  of  Worms. 
Luther  before  the  Diet  of  Worms:  decree  of  the  Diet:  Luther's  rescue. 
Progress  of  Reformation  after  Diet  of  Worms:  Luther  at  Wartburg. 
The  Anabaptist  rising  and  Luther's  relation  to  it. 
The  peasant  revolt  and  Luther's  relation  to  it. 
Luther's  personal  controversy  with  Henry  VIII:  with  Erasmus. 
Earliest  organizing  of  Protestant  churches  in  Germany. 
Protestant  alliances:  the  name — Protestant:  the  eucharistic  question. 
The  Diet  of  Augsburg  (1530) :  Augsburg  Confession:  the  answer:  the  issue. 
Protestant  conditions  after  Diet  of  Augsburg:  two  notable  hindrances. 
Luther's  death:  his  character:  his  influence. 

Charles  V  in  later  relation  to  Protestants,  and  as  related  to  the  Pope. 
The  Augsburg  Interim:  the  Augsburg  Peace. 

Philip  Melancthon:  his  relation  to  Luther:  his  three  lines  of  life-work. 
Reformation  in  Denmark:  its  conditions  and  patrons. 
Reformation  in  Norway:  and  in  Sweden. 
Gustavus   Vasa:   his  record:   his  Reformation-influence:   the   reaction. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Switzerland:   political   form:   moral  condition:   attitude  of  Roman   Church. 
Swiss  and  German  Reforination  compared  as  to  time  and  conditions. 
Zwingli  and  Luther  compared  in  character,  activity,  doctrine. 

19 


Ulrich   Zwingli:   his  early  life  and  early   ministry. 

Zwingli  as  preacher  at  Zurich:  relation  to  papal  and  civil  government. 

Other  Reformation  movements  in  German  Switzerland:  Oecolampadius. 

Conflict  between  Roman  and  Reformed  Cantons:  Zwingli's  relation  to  it. 

Swiss  Reformation  after  Zwingli:   BuUinger's  character  and  influence. 

French  Switzerland — its  extent:  Geneva — its  political  history. 

\\'illiam   Farel:   Peter  Viret:   Geneva  and  the  Reformed  preaching. 

John  Calvin:  his  coming  to  Geneva:  his  earlier  life,  studies,  eminence. 

John  Calvin's  personal  qualities  and  prevailing  spirit. 

Calvin's  intellectual  abilities  and  accomplishments. 

Calvin's  theology:  its  immediate  and  enduring  influence. 

Calvin's  church  government:  its  relation  to  the  State,  and  to  the  people. 

Geneva's  civil  government  under  Calvin:  Genevan  life  under  it. 

Opposition  to  Calvin:  Libertines:  Castellio:  Bolsec. 

Michael  Servetus:   his  character,  life,  theology,  arrests,  execution. 

Calvin  and  Servetus'  execution:  three  considerations:  evil  and  good  effects. 

Geneva's  service  for  the  Reformation:  reasons  for  Calvin's  influence. 

Separateness  of  Reformed  and  Lutheran  Churches:  union  of  the  Reformed. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Aspect  of  the  Reformation  movement  in   France:   sources  of  opposition. 
Francis  I:  character,  culture,  and  early  attitude  toward  the  Reformation. 
Start  of  Reformation  in  France:  Le  Fevre  and  other  leaders:  Margaret. 
Beginnings  of  persecution:  early  martyrs:  experience  of  De  Berquin. 
Final  attitude  of  Francis  I  toward  the  Reformation:  noted  massacres. 
Henry  II;  his  character:  the  House  of  Guise;   its  influence. 
Distinguished  converts  to  Protestantism:  Louis  of  Conde:  Coligny. 
Persecuting  tribunal  and  edicts:  martyrdoms:  the  Spanish  alliance. 
Growth  of  French  Protestantism:  organization:  character  and  customs. 
Francis  II:  Catharine  de  Medici:  Michel  de  1'  Hospital. 
The  Tumult  of  Amboise  and  its  issues. 

Charles  IX:  edicts  of  toleration:  Romanist  activity:  massacre  at  Vassy. 
Era  of  civil  wars:  number:  chief  battles:  noted  slain:  peace  of  1570. 
Jeanne  D'  Albret:  the  marriage  of  Henry  of  Navarre. 
Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew:  manner:  extent:  estimate  of  it  by  Rome. 
Henry  III:  his  relation  to  the  Protestants:  "The  League"  and  its  influence. 
Henry  of  Navarre:   Henry  II's  alienation  from  Romanists:   his  death. 

20 


Henry  IV:  character:  defection  to  Rome:   immediate  and  remote  results. 
The  Edict  of  Nantes:   its  provisions:  the  after  state  of  Protestantism. 
Death  of  Henry  IV:  the  Huguenots  under  Louis  XIII  and  Richelieu. 

CHAPTER  VI. 
Reformation  in  Italy:  class  first  reached:  channels  of  entrance. 
Eminent  Romanist  Italians  of  Reformation  ideas  and  life. 
Cities  and  leaders  and  teaching  of  a  positive  Italian  Protestantism. 
The  Inquisition  at  Rome:  its  powers,  activities,  effects:  noted  martyrs. 
Protestantism  in  Spain:  way  of  entrance:  record:  class  of  early  adherents. 
The  Inquisition  in  Spain:  its  early  work  and  noted  victims. 
Later  edicts  and  atrocities  of  the  Inquisition:  auto  da  fe — noted  occasions. 
Philip  II:  his  character:  his  ruling  principle,  and  its  naturalness. 
The  Netherlands:  political  organizing,   material  prosperity,  culture. 
Reformation  start  in  the  Netherlands:  Charles  V's  edicts  and  persecutions. 
Philip  II  and  his  course:  leaders  of  the  national  spirit:  William  of  Orange. 
The  League   (The  Beggars):  object:  members:  the  iconoclastic  outlook. 
The  Duke  of  Alva:  his  character  and  policy:  Council  of  Tumults. 
The  Prince  of  Orange:  his  religious  and  military  movement:  recall  of  Alva. 
Separation  of  provinces:  Union  of  Utrecht:  William's  rule,  and  death. 
The  Arminian  controversy:  James  Arminius — his  career  and  teachings. 
Extent  of  Arminianism:  action  by  the  Church:  the  Remonstrants. 
Political  relations  of  the  controversy:  Maurice  and  Barneveldt:  Grotius. 
The  Synod  of  Dort:  its  constituency,  actions,  and  consequences. 

CHAPTER  VII. 
Reformation  in  England:  attitude  of  sovereigns  and  people:  Henry  VIII. 
Counter-tendencies  in  the  Church:   character  of  ecclesiastics:  Wolsey. 
Three  factors  in  early  English  Reformation:  the  Lollards:  the  learned. 
William  Tyndale:  his  life,  and  great  accomplishment. 

Henry  VIII  as  supporter  of  papacy:  occasion  of  conflict:   fall  of  Wolsey. 
Separation  of  English  Church  from  Rome:  Act  of  Supremacy:  Thomas  More. 
Henry  VIII's  Church  ideal:  counsellors:   four  ecclesiastical  measures. 
Ten  Articles:   ruin  of  monasteries:  circulation  of  the  Bible:  Six  Articles. 
Persecution  of  Papists  and  Protestants:  estimate  of  Henry  VIII. 
Edward  VI:  his  counsellors:   Protestant  organization  and  conditions. 
Book  of  Common  Prayer:  revision:  Forty-two   (39)   Articles:  the  people. 
Mary:  way  to  the  throne:  relation  to  Spain  and  to  Rome;  Cardinal  Pole. 

21 


Persecution  under  Mary:   its  grounds:   four  parties  responsible. 
Number  of  martyrs  under  Mary:  distinguished  names. 
Latimer:   Ridley:  Cranmer:  last  days  of  Mary,  and  of  Pole. 
Elizabeth:   way  to  the  throne:  spirit  in  religion:  relation  to  Rome. 
Act  of  Supremacy  and  Act  of  Uniformity:   results:  other  enactments. 
Earlier  and  later  treatment  of  Romanists:  Jesuit  movement  and  outcome. 
Religious  transition   of  the  English  people  and   English  scholars. 
Puritanism:  its  rise:  its  principles  as  to  worship  and  governmenj:. 
Non-conformity  and  separation:  persecution  of  Puritans. 
The  High  Church  idea,  episcopal  and  presbyterial :  early  exponents. 
Reformation  in   Scotland:  general  aspects:   three  incentives:   early  leaders. 
John  Knox:  his  record  and  personal  qualities:  Protestant  establishment. 
Mary  Stuart:  her  character,  controversy  with  Knox,  religious  purpose. 
Mary  Stuart's  intrigues  and  troubles:  her  abdication  and  death. 
Polity  of  Scotch  Church:  Presbyterian  plan:  Episcopal  trend:  symbols. 
James  I    (VI) :   his  character,  religious  tendency,  relation  to  Romanists. 
Puritanism:  its  progress,  its  classes,  its  characteristic  life  and  spirit 
Puritan  grievances:   political,   ecclesiastical,   doctrinal,  practical. 
Anglican  innovations  in  Scottish   Church:   resistance:   Parliament  of   1640. 
Westminster  Assembly:  parties  and  doctrines:  Presbyterian  Establishment. 
Representatives  of  religious  liberty  among  Puritans  and  Anglicans. 
Ireland:  its  state  of  learning,  politics,   religion  in  Reformation  time. 
Church  in  Ireland:  Henry  VIII,  Edward  VI,  Mary,  Elizabeth,  the  Stuarts. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Popes  after  the  Reformation:  transition  spirit:  the  question  of  Councils. 
The  Council  of  Trent:  its  time,  attendance,  discussions,  decrees. 
Spirit  of  the  Council  of  Trent:  relation  to  pope:   reception  by  people. 
Romanist  reaction  in  countries  of  the  continent:  Borromeo:  de  Sales. 
The  Inquisition:  its  origin,  its  organizing,  its  countries  and  periods. 
Lines  of  papal  responsibility  for  the  Inquisition:  relation  of  the  State. 
Methods  of  the  Inquisition:  of  courts,  trial,  torture,  punishment. 
The  Inquisition:  against  the  Jews:  in  Spain:  in  Portugal:  in  France. 
Inquisition  against  Bruno:  against  Galileo:  papal  position  as  to  Galileo. 
Molinos:  his  character,  teachings,  condemnation:  the  Inquisition  spirit. 
The  Jesuits:  their  complex  qualities  and  experiences:  preeminent  aspect. 
Ignatius  Loyola:   his  spirit,  career,  religious  devotion,  select  group. 

22 


Papal  sanction  of  Jesuit  Order:  its  design,  customs,  personnel. 

Organization  of  the  Jesuits:  officers:  grades  of  membership. 

Early  success  of  the  Jesuits:  expansion  and  influence:  schools  and  missions. 

Francis  Xavier:  his  work  in  India:  in  Japan:  estimate  of  him. 

Successors  of  Xavier  in  India:  and  in  China. 

Jesuit  missions  in  South  America:  in  North  America — names  and  record. 

Reverses  of  the  Jesuits:  banishments:  papal  action:  literary  attacks. 

Supreme  principle  of  the  Jesuits:  its  relation  to  conscience  and  morals. 

Jesuit  casuistry:  probabilism:  mental  reservation:  end  justifies  means. 

The  Jesuits  in  theology:  in  politics:   in  European  diplomacy. 

The  Jesuits  as  confessors;  as  zealots;  as  Christians. 

Clerical  celibacy:  state  of  morals:  official  enactments. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The  Thirty  Years  War:  causes:  religious  conditions:  reactionary  movement. 

The  incident  at   Donauwerth:  the  movement  in  Bohemia. 

Defeat  and  distress  of  Protestants:  two  causes:  Edict  of  Restitution, 

Gustavus  Adolphus:   his  position,  his  motives,  his  power. 

The  fall  of  Magdeburg:  the  battle  of  Leipzig:  the  battle  of  Liitzen. 

Closing  stages  of  the  war:  effect  on  land,  population,  education,  morals. 

The  Peace  of  Westphalia:  its  terms:  its  force  for  Protestantism. 

Estimate  of  the  Reformation:  justifications:  defects:  glories. 

SeccND  Period,  i648-i720  a.  o. 

CHAPTER  I. 
France:  character  of  the  era:  Louis  XIV — his  personality  and  court. 
Morals  at  the  French  court:   Madame  de  Maintenon:  learning  of  the  era. 
The  Galilean  Church:  in  philanthropy,  moralism,  sacred  eloquence. 
Bossuet — his  spirit,  ideas,  sermons:  Bourdaloue:  Masillon. 
Gallicanism  versus  Ultramontanism:  subjects  and  course  of  conflict. 
Bossuet  as  an  apologist:  his  doctrines  and  defects:  his  further  work. 
Fenelon — his  spirit  and  ideas:   Madame  Guyon — her  spirit  and  ideas. 
Attacks  on  Madame  Guyon:  on  Fenelon:  Fenelon's  defence:  his  mysticism. 
A  pioneer  in   Biblical  criticism — Simon:   in  general  criticism — Bayle. 
The  Jansenists:    their   characteristics:    their   supporters. 
Origin  of  Jansenism;  its  propositions  and  their  condemnation, 

23 


Persecution  of  the  Jansenists:  the  Port  Royalists. 

Blaise  Pascal:   his  genius  and  his  writings. 

Pascal's  arraignment  of  the  Jesuits:  its  propriety:  its  effects. 

The  Bull  Unigenitus:  its  nature  and  its  effects. 

State  of  the  Huguenots:  the  two  incentives  to  persecution. 

Perversion  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes:  tyrannical  measures:  and  effects. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes:  consequent  orders  and  persecutions. 

The  Dragonnades:  seeming  Romish  triumph:  exiles,  and  loss  to  France. 

The  Cevennese:  their  assemblies,  and  conflict:  the  edict  of  171 5. 

Spain  in  the  17th  century:  the  auto  de  fe:  the  sale  of  indulgences. 

Italy  in  the  17th  century:  status  of  the  popes:  ecclesiastical  events. 

Leopold  I:  his  rule  and  his  religious  policy:  Protestantism  in  Poland. 

The  Socinians:  their  success  and  oppression:  the  Palatinate. 

CHAPTER  II. 
The  execution  of  Charles  I:  continental  opinion:   English:   Scotch. 
Cromwell:  his  spirit:  estimate  of  his  period  of  rule. 
Church  parties  under  the  Protectorate:  Church  Establishment. 
The  Quakers:   their  character:   their  founder:   their  experience. 
The  Church  in  Scotland  and  Ireland:   Cromwell  and   Christendom. 
The  weakness  of  Cromwell's  rule:  his  greatness:  moral  character. 
Richard  Cromwell:   Restoration  of  Charles:   fruits  of  the  struggle. 
Charles  II:   his  character  and  life:  popular  reaction  from  Puritan  morals. 
Reaction  from  Puritan  politics:   new  royalism:   new  Anglicanism. 
Presbyterian  efforts  for  compromise:   Episcopal  Establishment. 
The  Act  of  Uniformity:  Corporation  Act:  Conventicle  Act:  Test  Act. 
Church  readjustment  in   Scotland:   in  Ireland:  its  results. 
The  king  as  related  to  Church  parties:   the  state  of  the  clergy. 
James  II:  his  character:  his  religion:  his  despotic  policies. 
The  advisers  of  James:  his  Romish  propaganda:  Declaration  of  Indulgence. 
Enactments  against  Scotch  Dissenters:  against  Huguenots. 
Official  preferment  of  Roman  Catholics:  the  High  Commission. 
The  downfall  of  James:  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary. 
Eminent  Puritans  of  the  period:   Milton:  Owen:  Baxter. 
Other  eminent  Nonconformists:   Goodwin:  Bunyan. 
Eminent  Anglicans:   South:   Barrow:   Buel:   Taylor. 
The  Cambridge  Platonists:   names,  position,  noted  productions. 

24 


General  character  of  the  era  as  to  learning:  and  in  Scotland. 

Sovereignty  of  William:  his  motive  in  accession:   religious  attitude. 

The  Toleration  Act  related  to  Romanists:  service  of  John  Locke. 

High  Church  and  Low  Church  in  clergy  and  episcopate. 

Parties  in  the  State  related  to  Church  parties:  Jacobite  sentiment. 

Queen  Anne:   High  Church  rising:   Sacheverell  crisis. 

Occasional  Conformity  Bill:  Schism  Act:  Swift:  and  the  general  clergy. 

Effect  of  Revolution  of  1688  in  Church  in  Scotland:  in  Ireland. 

CHAPTER  III. 

Theology  in  Germany:  Protestant  dogmatism:   its  fruits. 

The  Mystics:  their  names,  classes,  types  of  thought. 

George  Calixtus:  his  syncretist  ideas:  the  opposition:  the  difficulty. 

Syncretism  in  its  effect  on  three  classes:  later  movement. 

The  Pietists:   Spener — his  spirit,  ministry.   Collegia  Pietatis. 

Teachings  of  Spener:  opposition  to  him:  as  to  asceticism. 

Francke  and  Anton  at  Leipzig:  the  University  of  Halle:  Orphan  House. 

Pietism  in  its  later  aspects:  its  benefit  to  Germany  and  Christendom. 

Zinzendorf:  his  life,  and  spirit,  and  union  with  the  Moravians. 

The  Moravians:  their  origin,  community  at  Herrnhut,  growth. 

Zinzendorf 's  peculiar  views:    Moravian  peculiar  usages. 

Scandinavia:  its  civil  and  religious  status  in  this  period. 

The  Dutch  Republic:  its  religious  tolerance,  theological  activity. 

The  Mennonites:  the  Labadists:  and  other  parties. 

Switzerland:  its  religious  state,  and  theological  trend. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Rome  in  negotiation  with  Russian  Church:  with  Coptic   Church. 
The  Greek  Church  related  to  Protestantism:  record  of  Cyril  Lucar. 
Two  constitutional  changes  in  the  Russian  Church. 
Monasticism  in  Russia:  general  state  of  religion. 
Reform  effects  of  Nicon:  schismatics:  policy  of  Peter  the  Great. 


25 


THE  MODERN  CHURCH. 

Part  II. 

CHAPTER  I. 

I. 

Ecclesiastical  headship  in  England  in  eighteenth  century  and  after. 
The  Nonjurors:  their  origin,  record,  eminent  representatives. 
William  Law:  his  record,  writings,  spirit  and  influence. 

II. 
English  Deism:  Lord  Herbert's  five  articles  of  religion:  his  spirit. 
Chief  representatives  of  English  Deism:  their  classes  and  methods. 
Hobbes:  Blount:  Toland:    Shaftesbury:    Collins:   Woolston. 
Tindal:  Morgan:  Chubb:   Bolingbroke: —  Hume. 
Noteworthy  opponents  and  replies  to  Deism:  values  and  defects. 
Butler:  Pearce:  Foster:   Leland:   Conybeare:   Law. 

III. 
English  Church  in  early  i8th  century:  state  of  thought  and  of  religion. 
Advantages  and  disadvantages  in  the  bias  of  the  age. 
Morals  in  England  among  the  clergy,  the  court,  the  learned,  the  people. 

IV. 

Places  and  leaders  of  revival  in  middle  eighteenth  century. 

John  Wesley:  his  antecedents,  education,  spirit,  early  work. 

The  Oxford  Club:  its  origin,  methods,  spirit  and  influence. 

Later  record  of  members  of  the  Oxford  Club. 

John  Wesley  as  tending  to  and  from  mysticism. 

Wesley  in  America:  his  course,  his  experience,  the  results. 

Wesley  under  Moravian  influence,  and  the  result. 

Occasion  of  Wesley's  start  in -irregular  preaching:  his  immediate  record. 

Subjects  of  Wesley's  preaching:  extraordinary  effects — how  accounted  for. 

Opposition  to  Wesley  and  co-laborers:  violence  of  the  mob:  of  the  pen. 

George  Whitefield:  antecedents,  education,  personal  experience,  record. 

Whitefield's  character,  attainments,  preeminent  power. 

Whitefield's  type  of  doctrine:  difference  with  Wesley:   final  relations. 

Calvinistic  Methodism:  its  organizing:  its  record  in  England:  in  Wales. 

Charles  Wesley:  his  record,  temperament,  great  accomplishment. 

John  Wesley  and  organized  Methodism:  the  start:  the  Moravian  relation. 

26 


The  Chapel  system:  the  Class  system:  the  Lay  preachers. 
Wesley's  relation  to  lay  preachers,  Chapel  services,  Established  Church. 
Wesley's  earliest  ordinations:  his  theory:  the  office  of  superintendent. 
Wesley's  provision  for  permanent  Methodism:  his  essence  of  religion. 
Wesley's  theology — as  to  justification,  good  works,  assurance,  perfection. 
Wesley's  attitude  toward  Calvinism:  Minutes  of  1770:  the  controversy. 
Wesley's  representative  disputants:  spirit,  record,  writings  of  Fletcher. 
Six  points  of  criticism  brought  against  John  Wesley. 
John  Wesley's  distinguishing  traits:  his  capacity  for  work. 
Wesley  as  related  to  science,  and  to  philanthropy:  his  last  days. 
Growth  of  Methodist  societies:  independence  from  Established  Church. 
Results  of  the  revival — to  all  churches,  for  humanity,  against  infidelity. 

V. 

Advance  of  Dissenters  to  legal  equality  with  Anglicans:  of  Romanists. 
English  Presbyterianism  in  i8th  century:  numbers:  Unitarian  tendency. 
The  Salter's  Hall  meeting:  varieties  and  fortunes  of  Unitarianism. 
English  Congregationalism,  i8th  century:  Bradbury,  Watts,  Doddridge. 
The  Baptists:  doctrinal  tendencies  and  divisions:  Hall:  Carey. 
The  Quakers:  their  status  and  activities. 

vr. 
Church  of  Scotland:  origin  of  trouble:  secession  bodies:  the  Sandemanians. 
Parties  in  the  Scotch  Established  Church:  their  spirit  and  leaders. 
Church  writers  in  Scotland:  Scotch  philosophy:  general  church  status. 

VII. 

The  Church  in  Ireland:  state  of  the  people:  four  disabilities  of  Romanists. 
Enactments  against  Irish  Romanists,  18th  century,  and  their  effects. 
Principles  declared  by  Irish  Romanists:  by  Roman  Catholic  Universities. 
Irish  Protestants:  their  status  and  vexations:  marriage  legislation. 
Irish  Episcopacy  in  later  i8th  century:  eminent  representatives:  the  Union. 
Presbyterians  in  Ireland:  their  location,  support,  doctrinal  status. 
Methodist  work  in  Ireland:  its  leaders:  the  Primitive  Methodists. 

CHAPTER   II. 

America:  Bull  of  Alexander  VI,   1493:  earliest  Spanish  settlements. 

Spaniards  in  North  America:  places  and  fate  of  colonies. 

Theory  and  system  of  Spanish  rule  in  America:  modern  emancipations. 

27 


Kia  and  record  of  Portuguese  occupation  in  America. 

French  in  America:  earliest  Huguenot  expeditions:  the  St,  John's  Colony. 

French  colonization  from  the  north:  the  Huguenot  part  and  displacement. 

French  scheme  in  Canada:  phases  of  government:  the  obstacles. 

The  passing  of  Canada  to  the  English:  the  life,  the  law,  the  religion. 

Earliest  English  colonizings:  Roanoke:  Jamestown. 

Early  English  settlements  in  New  England. 

The  English  colonies  on  the  central  Atlantic  coast. 

Political  characteristics  of  English  colonies:  three  forms  of  government. 

Charter  government  in  New  England:  type  of  New  England  life. 

Proprietary  government  in  the  colonies:   the  royal  governments. 

Conditions  promoting  and  impeding  the  American  Republic. 

Early  status  of  the  slave  trade:  opposition  to  it. 

II. 
Extent  of  Indian  population:  the  more  civilized  peoples:  polity:  religion. 
Treatment  of  the  Indians  by  the  Spaniards:  the  evil  side  of  it. 
Spanish  efforts  at  converting  the  natives:  their  success:  reasons  for  it. 
Character  of  Spanish-Indian  Christianity:  "Missions"  and  their  record. 
The  Portuguese  in  Brazil:  their  Christianizing  efforts  and  success. 
Relation  of  the  French  to  the  Indians:  extent  of  missions:  the  method. 
Work  of  the  French  Jesuits  among  the  Indians:  two  aspects. 
Relation  of  the  English  to  the  Indians:  the  brighter  and  the  darker  phase. 
Reasons  for  comparatively  small  missionary  enterprise  by  English. 
Evangelizing  of  Indians  in  New  England:  Mayhew:  Eliot:  and  others. 
Evangelizing  of  Indians  in  the  middle  colonies:   eminent  missionaries. 

III. 
Roman  Church  in  Spanish  America:  episcopal  seats:  classes  of  clergy. 
The  Inquisition  in  Ameiica:  scenes  of  auto  de  fe:  legend  of  Guadalupe. 
Secular  and  ecclesiastical  power  in  Romanist  America:  Laval's  work. 

IV. 

Roman  Catholicism  in  the  English  colonies:  the  laws  and  their  execution, 

Roman  Catholicism  in  Maryland:  three  common  assumptions. 

The  question  of  Maryland's  founding  as  refuge  for  Roman  Catholics. 

The  question  of  Maryland's  early  Roman  Catholic  predominance. 

The  question  of  Roman  Catholic  honor  in  Act  of  Tolerance,   1649. 

Roman  Catholicism  at  the  Revolutionary  War:  the  first  episcopate. 

28 


V. 

Church  of  England  in  the  colonies:  condition:  eminent  representatives. 
Episcopal  Establishment  in  Virginia:   treatment  of  other  bodies. 
Ecclesiastical  discipline  in  Virginia:  the  code:  the  practical  situation. 
Episcopacy  in  the  Carolinas:  the  Fundamental  Constitutions:  the  people. 
Episcopal  Church  in  Maryland:   New  Jersey:  early  record  in  New  York. 
Episcopal  Church  in  New  Hampshire:  in  Massachusetts:  visit  of  Berkeley. 
The  Episcopal  Church  at  the  Revolution:  question  of  resident  episcopate. 
Forming  of  American  Episcopal  Church:  doctrinal  aspect:  first  bishops. 
Type  of  early  American  Episcopate:  Bishop  White:  Bishop  Madison. 

VI. 

Congregational  Establishments  in  America:  two  aspects  of  Puritanism. 

Principles  of  the  Plymouth  colony:  John  Robinson's  position. 

Principle  of  Massachusetts  Bay  colony:  policy  as  related  to  England. 

Local  Church  government  in  New  England:  its  composite  character. 

Conditions  of  Church  membership:  the  Half -Way  Covenant:  the  sequences. 

Church  and  State  in  New  England  system:  three  points  of  connection. 

Position  of  ministers  in  New  England  system:  early  eminent  preachers. 

Persecution  of  dissent  in  New  England:  principle:  possible  palliations. 

Roger  Williams:  his  record,  character,  teachings. 

The  Antinomian  Controversy:  parties:  points  at  issue:  the  outcome. 

Baptists  in  Massachusetts:   representatives:   persecutions. 

Quakers  in  Massachusetts:  causes  and  record  of  persecution. 

The  Salem  Witchcraft:  origin,  progress,  treatment,  end  of  the  matter. 

Nobility  of  earliest  Puritan  spirit:  changes  in  after  generations. 

The  New  England  Revival:  Edwards'  work:  Whitefield's  work. 

Jonathan  Edwards:  theologian:  mystic:  preacher  of  affections  and  morals. 

Jonathan  Edwards:  essence  of  religion:  record  of  his  life  and  family. 

vri. 
Presbyterian  Establishment  in  America:  groups  from  the  continent. 
The  Dutch  Reformed:  eminent  leaders:  record  until  independence. 
The  German  Reformed:  their  early  status:  eminent  leaders. 
Presbyterians  distinctively  so-called:  first  presbytery:  early  progress. 
Presbyterian  theology:   subscription  controversy:   Adopting  Act,   1729. 
The  Tennents  and  their  work:  revival  controversy:  license  question. 
Old  Side  and  New  Side:  record  of  the  schism:  New  Side  accomplishments. 

29 


Scotch  Presbyterian  sects  in  America:  their  names,  origin,  changes. 

The  Baptists:  their  earliest  organizings,  and  progress  to  19th  century. 

Separatists,  or  New  Lights:  evangelism  and  persecution  in  the  south. 

Baptist  theology  in  America:  usage  and  polity:  education. 

The  Quakers:  their  early  record:  status  in  West  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Elements  of  Quaker  organization:  of  Quaker  theology. 

The  Methodists:  their  early  leaders:  relation  to  Church  of  England. 

Methodism  after  the  Revolution:  Conference  of  1784:  form  of  organization. 

Methodist  progress:  reasons  for  it:  leaders  of  it. 

The  Lutherans:  their  racial  elements:  early  experiences:  organization. 

Universalism  in  America:  its  founder:  its  adherents:  its  type  of  teachings. 

VIII. 

Moral  conditions  in  the  colonies:  Sunday  observance:  theatricals:  prisons. 
The  temperance  question:  popular  habits:  civil  laws:  religious  utterances. 
The  slavery  question:  earliest  agitators:   ecclesiastical  utterances. 

CHAPTER  in. 

The  French  Revolution:  six  causes:  character  of  kings,  attitude  of  people. 
The  Bull  Unigenitus:  its  nature:  its  emphasis:  its  effects. 
Montesquieu  and  his  writing:  Rousseau's  "Social  Contract." 
The  people:  their  hardships,  restlessness  and  actual  uprising. 
Order  of  affairs  under  Assembly,  Convention,  Directory,  Napoleon. 

II. 
The  skeptical  movement:  its  several  causes:  presentment  by  Montesquieu. 
Voltaire:  his  mental  distinction:  ethical  standards:  best  virtue. 
The  creed  of  Voltaire:  writers  of  his  school:  Rousseau's  system. 

III. 
The  French  Church  prior  to  the  Revolution:  division  on  the  Unigenitus. 
The  Popes  and  the  Unigenitus:  Ultramontanism  and  Gallicanism. 
The  Jansenists:  general  position:  claims  to  miracle:  Episcopate  of  Utrecht. 
The  Jesuits:  legend  of  the  Sacred  Heart:  devotion  to  it. 
The  Anti-Jesuit  movement:  its  causes:  its  start  and  course  in  Portugal. 
Anti-Jesuitism  in  France:  standpoint,  cause,  issue:  Bull  of  Clement  XIII. 
Jesuit  banishment  from  Spanish  dominions:  from  Naples  and  Sicily. 
Dissolution  of  the  Jesuit  Order:  their  refuge  places:  a  Gallican  effect. 
Protestants  in  France  at  this  period:  persecution  to  the  Revolution. 

30 


IV. 
French  Church  in   Revolutionary  era:   reforms  and  attitude  of  the  clergy. 
Three  classes   of   reform   measures   by   the   Constituent  Assembly. 
Church  and  State:  Articles  in  instance:  the  Church  government  implied. 
Non-jurors:  adherence  to  them:  persecution  of  them:  spirit  shown  by  them. 
Church  and   State  from  1795:  Pius  VI — his  spirit  and  his  imprisonment. 
The  constitutional  clergy:  their  way  of  thinking:  their  chief  representative. 
Infidelity  in  this  era:  the  worship  of  Reason:  Robespierre's  deistic  scheme. 
The  government  proclamations  as  to  Sunday,  and  as  to  celibacy  of  clergy. 
Mysticism  in  France  in  this  era:  ideas  and  character  of  Saint  Martin. 

V. 

Church  reconstruction  under  Napoleon:  his  religion:  spirit  of  the  people. 
The  Concordat  of  1801:  some  signifi^cant  articles:  the  "organic  articles." 
The  Church  and  Napoleon's  imperialism:   coronation:   status  in  Italy. 
Napoleon's  Catechisme  de  I'Empire:   Protestantism's  gain  and  loss. 
General  effect  on  Roman  Catholicism  of  events  of  the  revolutionary  era. 

VI. 

Austria:  extent  of  rule:  nature  of  State:  events  affecting  the  imperial  title. 
Maria  Theresa  and  Joseph  TI:  political  movement:  ecclesiastical  movement. 
Gallicanism  in  scheme  of  Joseph  II:  Gallicanism  in  Germany:  in  Tuscany. 
Tolerance  under  Joseph  II:  earlier  position  of  Protestants:  decree  of  1781. 
The  Popes:  Clement  XI:  Benedict  XIV:  Clement  XIII:  Clement  XIV. 
Restoring  of  Jesuit  Order:  reactionary  papalism  in  Austria,  Italy,  Spain. 
Reconstituting  of  the  Inquisition:   its  view  of  free-masonry:  final  decline. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
I. 
Germany:  rise  of  Prussia:  Frederic  II — military  and  civil  administration. 
Religious  ideas  of  Frederic  II:  his  successors:  Congress  of  Vienna. 
Character  of  German  Protestantism:  movements  of  thought:   union  effort. 

II. 
The  Wolfian  era:  Leibnitz — his  antecedents  and  his  ideas. 
Ideas  of  Wolf:  the  opposition:  Wolfian  supernaturalists:   Wolfian  deists. 
Biblical  criticism  in  Germany:  work  of  Ernesti:  of  Semler:  of  Eichhorn. 
Btngel:  Urlsperger:   Klopstock:  other  representative  names. 

31 


III. 

Kant  to  Schleiermacher:  period  of  Kant:  characteristics  of  his  teaching. 
Kant's  views  on  sensation,  speculation,  faith:  the  categorical  imperative. 
Kant's  teaching  as  to  religion,  revelation,  sin,  Christ:  defects  of  system. 
Fichte:  his  philosophy:  its  religious  side:  the  excellence  and  defect. 
Schelling:  the  aspects  of  his  early,  mediate  and  later  philosophy. 
Hegel:  ideas  as  to  God,  as  to  being,  as  to  distinctive  Christian  doctrines. 
General  and  various  trends  of  philosophies:  anti-rationalist  movement. 
Lessing:  his  views  of  religion,  revelation,  the  Bible. 
Herder:  his  spirit:  his  work  in  the  Scripture  and  in  theology. 
Jacobi:  his  teaching  as  to  senses,  faith,  God,  revelation:  its  outcome. 
Schleiermacher:  his  theism  or  pantheism:  his  pietistic  and  churchly  spirit. 
Schleiermacher's  view  as  to  essence  of  religion,  its  central  feeling,  Christ. 
Schleiermacher's  views  as  to  salvation.  Scriptures,  Trinity:  his  influence. 
The  poets  of  this  era  related  to  Christianity:   Goethe:   Schiller. 
The  Romantic  School  of  poetry:  the  contemporary  great  musicians. 

IV. 

Sweden:  the  ability,  the  product,  the  record  of  Swedenborg. 
Emanuel  Swedenborg:  claim  of  apostleship:  doctrine  of  correspondences. 
Swedenborg's  views  on  the  Trinity:    redemption:    Swedenborgian   Church. 
The  Netherlands:  succession  of  rule:  status  of  the  Church:  the  theology. 
Religious  movement  in  Lutheran  Scandinavia:  in  Reformed  Switzerland. 

CHAPTER  V. 
Russia:  four  eras  in  her  history  during  this  period. 
Civil  and  religious  status  under  Anna  Ivanovna:  under  Elizabeth. 
The  reign  of  Catharine  II:  the  reign  of  Alexander  I. 
Treatment  of  the  Jesuits:  state  of  the  clergy:  monasticism. 
The  Raskolniki:  the  Molokani:  the  Doukhobortzi:  other  sects. 

THE  MODERN  CHURCH. 
Part  III. 

CHAPTER  I. 
I. 

Germany:   advance  to  constitutional  government:   counter  movement. 
Forming  of  German  Empire:  relation  of  Austria:  of  France:  Bismarck. 
Two  present-day  German  disquiets:   Socialism — types,  leaders,  treatment. 

32 


II. 
Relation  of  Church  and  State  in  Germany:  sources  and  cases  of  separatism. 
Religious  associations  in  this  period:  the  Synodal  organization. 
The  Kulturkampf :  its  origin;  Romanist  zeal;  government  measures. 
Pius  IX:  attitude  in  Kulturkampf  conflict:  attitude  of  Leo  XIII;  the  issue. 
Eminent  leaders  of  benevolence  in  Germany:  eminent  modern  lyrists. 

III. 
Chief  factors  in  German  theology  of  the  period:  the  dominant  tendencies. 
Disciples  of  Schleiermacher:  Neander's  character,  influence,  ideas. 
Lutheran  dogmatic  and  Erastian  party:  Hengstenberg's  influence. 
Strauss'  Leben  Jesu;  its  spirit,  hypothesis,  effect;  later  modifications. 
The  answer  to  Strauss'  original  theory:  the  work  of  Baur  and  answer  to  it. 
Three  parties  in  German  theology:  Mediation  School;  its  nature,  leaders. 
Confessional  or  Neo-Lutheran  School;  occasion,  tendency,  diversities. 
Neo-Kantian  or  Ritschlian  School;  its  characteristics  and  its  vogue. 
Ritschl's  view  of  Scripture,  person  of  Christ,  attributes  of  God,  the  race. 
Ritschl's  views  as  to  redemption,  sacrifice,  vocation,  communion. 
System  of  Ritschl;  its  values  and  defects;  his  personality  and  followers. 
The  course  of  Biblical  criticism;  relations  of  German  philosophy. 

IV. 

Switzerland:  tendencies  in  German  cantons:  events  in  French  cantons. 
French  Church;  opposing  currents:  Free  Church:   Lutheran  Church. 
Reformed  Church  of  Holland;  its  tendencies:  rise  of  Christian  Reformed. 
Schools  of  thought  in  Holland  Church;  leaders:   State,  Church,  University. 
Protestantism  in   Denmark,  Sv/eden,  Norv/ay:   Scandinavian  writers. 
Protestantism  of   19th  century  in  Austria:  in  Spain:  in  Italy. 

CHAPTER  IL 

I. 
Chief  events  of  nineteenth  century  in  the  Romanist  Church. 
Declaration  of  immaculate  conception  of  Virgin  Mary;  defense;  criticism. 
Development  of  adoration  for  Virgin  Mary:  related  exaltation  of  Joseph. 
Growth  of  veneration  for  the  Pope;  doctrine;  ceremonies;  consequences. 

II. 
Papal  absolutism  and  infallibility:  decrees  of  Vatican  Council:  criticism. 
Vatican  theories  in  England,  Ireland,  United  States;  on  the  Continent. 

33 


Ultramontanism  in  France— -chief  writers:  in  Germany — chief  factors. 
Anti-Gallican  activity  of  Rome;  the  Index;  commended  writings:  claims. 
Origin  of  Vatican  Council;  plan;  commissions;  rules;  dominant  factor. 
Vatican  Council  in  session;  place;  papal  pressure — defense  and  criticism. 
Doctrine  of  infallibility;   introduction;  attitude  of  Pope;   vote  of  Council. 
Criticisms  of  Vatican  decrees:  tyranny;  forgery;  perverted  history. 
Old  Catholics:  organization;  extent;  DoUinger's  position  and  influence. 

III. 
Papacy  in  19th  century  related  to  civil  power:  attitude  of  Pius  IX;  reasons. 
Claims  of  the  Pope  as  to  marriage  and  as  to  control  of  education. 
Roman  Church  and  the  government  in  Austria:  Prussia:  France:  Spain. 
Ihe  Syllabus  of  1864:  its  form:  list  of  errors:  principles:  papal  approvals. 
Authority  of  the  Syllabus:  relation  to  it  of  the  Vatican  Council. 
Papal  power  as  exalted  in  the  Unam  Sanctam  and  Civilta  Cattolica. 
Leo  XITI  as  to  papal  sovereignty  and  religious  freedom:  conclusion. 
The  Popes'  legal  domain:  division  of  old  Italy:  dominance  of  Austria. 
Position  and  influence  of  Piedmont:  rise  of  Italian  kingdom. 
The  Papal  Guarantees:  the  provisions:  the  papal  attitude. 
Popular  eff'ect  of  the  Italian  conflict:  secularizing  of  education  in  France. 
Papal  attitude  toward  socialism:  its  power  and  its  limitations. 

CHAPTER  III. 
I. 
Spirit  and  currents  of  religion  in  England  in  early  19th  century. 
Sources  of  the  Broad  Church  movement:  Tractarianism  as  reaction. 
English  religious  legislation:  Convocation:  revision  of  English  Bible. 
Social  religious  work — Salvation  Army:  colonial  Anglican  establishment. 

II. 

Tractarianism  or  Ritualism:  circumstances  and  writings  precedent. 
The  Tractarian  organizing:  Tracts  for  the  Times:  tract  No.  90. 
Three  tenets  of  early  Tractarianism:  likeness  to  the  Non-jurors. 
Tractarian  utterances  as  to  Apostolic  succession  and  the  sacrament. 
Tractarian  attitude  toward  Protestantism:  as  to  Scripture  and  justification. 
Tractarianism  as  received  by  the  Church:  developments  from  1841. 
Tractarian  writers,  and  defections  to  Rome:  Pusey's  position  and  views. 
Anti-Protestant  trend  of  Ritualism:  the  Church,  justification,  authority. 
Ritualism's  tendencies  as  to  ceremony  and  doctrine  in  worship. 


Six  items  of  Ritualist  ceremonial  claimed  in  1875:  relation  of  the  law. 
General  estimate  of  Ritualism  pro  and  con:  its  cardinal  error. 
Ritualism  as  repelled  by  the  Vatican  Council:  as  embarrassed  by  it. 
Chief  Tractarians  passed  to  Rome:  Manning:  Newman's  spirit  and  writings. 
Ritualists  as  related  to  Biblical  criticism:  position  of  Bishop  Gore. 

III. 
The  Broad  Church:  its  characteristics:  three  of  its  own  emphases. 
Leaders  of  Broad  Church  movement:  the  views  of  Thomas  Arnold. 
Broad  Church  views  of  apostolic  succession:  leading  exponents. 
Broad  Church  views  in  theology:  Coleridge,  Maurice,  Kingsley. 
Broad  Church  views  as  to  Bible:  ideas  of  Maurice:  other  names. 
Broad  Church  dogmatism:  Arnold's  views  as  to  the  Bible,  as  to  Christ. 

IV. 

Methodism  in  Great  Britain:  Primitive  Methodists:  Free  Methodists. 
Thomas  Coke:  succeeding  leaders  in  Methodism:  present  status. 
Baptist  Union— points  of  belief:   Spurgeon's  work:  Baptist  status. 
The  Congregational  Union — characteristics  of  belief:  eminent  names. 
Presbyterianism  in  England  in  19th  century:  union  and  present  status. 
Unitarians  in  England  and  Wales:  the  changed  ideas:  Martineau. 
Quakers  in  England:  trend  of  belief:  benevolences:  Plymouth  Brethren. 
The  Evangelical  Alliance:  object:  nine  doctrinal  points:  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Roman  Catholics  in  England:  progress:  the  restored  Romish  hierarchy. 

V. 

Scotland:  parties  in  Scotch  Church:  occasion  and  start  of  the  Free  Church. 
Thomas  Chalmers:  record:  character:  abilities:  theology:  ecclesiasticism. 
Edward  Irving:  record:  Caledonian  prophetism:  Catholic  Apostolic  Church. 
Divergences  in  Scotch  theology:  Erskine:  Campbell:  later  writers. 
Thomas  Carlyle:  his  views  of  faith,  the  supernatural,  theology. 

VI. 

Ireland:  attitude  of  Roman  Church  toward  government:  toward  education. 
Ultramontanism  in  Ireland:  relation  to  Home  Rule:  Church  leaders. 
Denominations  in  Ireland:  Episcopal  Church:  Presbyterian  Church. 

VII. 

Evolution:  the  theory  and  its  value:  its  religious  bearing:  three  stages. 
The  sensational  philosophy:  John  Stuart  Mill:  theory  of  morals:  criticism. 

35 


Final  theological  ideas  of  Mill:  position  of  Sir  William  Hamilton. 
Herbert  Spencer:   his  philosophy:   criticism  of  his  hypotheses. 
Spencer's  idea  of  the  Absolute:  criticism  by  Caird:  other  philosophers. 
Evolution,  realistic  or  idealistic,  as  acting  upon  theology. 

CHAPTER  IV. 


Church  and  State  in  America:  original  ideas:  Constitutional  provision. 
Attitude  of  the  United  States  toward  religion:   of  the  several  States. 
State  of  religion  at  and  after  Revolutionary  War:  prevalence  of  unbelief. 
Revivals,  1799  to  1840:  their  character,  extent,  and  ultimate  effect. 
Revival,  1857:  revival,  1870:  Church  membership  in  United  States. 
Character  of  the  Church:  influence:  beneficence:  learning:  divisions. 
Early  opinion  as  to  slavery:  political  complications:  new  convictions. 
Slavery  estimated  by  Church  leaders:  Presbyterian  action  181 5  to  1849. 
The  Methodist  Church  as  to  slavery,  1800,   1836,  1840:  disruption,  1844. 
The  Church  as  related  to  the  Abolitionists  and  to  slavery's  downfall. 
Church  leaders  in  temperance  reform:  order  of  movements:  present  status. 

II. 
I. 

New  England  Unitarianism:  its  rise:  its  causes:  its  pioneers:  its  three  eras. 
Era  of  supernaturalism:    Channing  on   Christianity,   Christ,   humanity. 
Era  of  humanitarianism  and  transcendentalism:  leaders:  Theodore  Parker. 
Emerson's  view  of  divine  infiniteness  and  immanence,  of  ethics  and  evil. 
Era  of  institutionalism:  organized  Unitarianism:  record:  present  aspect. 
Universalists:  relation  with  Unitarians:  Hosea  Ballou:  schism  of  183T. 


Congregationalists:   revivals:   work  of  Lyman  Beecher:    westward  advance. 

The  Plan  of  Union:  its  occasion,  provisions,  issues  and  abolishing. 

The  New  Haven  theology:  ideas  of  N.  W.  Taylor:  Seminaries  in  protest. 

Charles  G.  Finney:  his  ideas:  his  power  as  a  preacher. 

Horace  Bushnell:  his  ideas,  productions,  enduring  influence. 

The  Creed  of   1884:   Congregationalism's  most  recent  practical  movements. 

Ihe  Andover  eschatology:  the  theory,  the  criticism,  the  conflict. 

36 


3. 
Presbyterians:  conditions  early  in  century:  Cumberland  Presbyterians. 
Old  School  and  New  School — the  ideas:  trial  of  Duffield,  Beecher,  Barnes. 
Assembly  of  1836,   1837,   1838:  exscinding  of  synods:  the  new  Assembly. 
Old  School  and  New  School  related  to  slavery:  the  divisions:  the  reunions. 
Basis  of  reunion  act:  work  of  Henry  B.  Smith:  work  of  Charles  Hodge. 
Spirit  of  present-day  Presbyterianism:  Westminster  Confession  revision. 
Biblical  criticism  controversy:   leaders:  actions  of  General  Assembly. 
The  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church:  its  record  in  nineteenth  century. 
The  Reformed   (German)   Church:  its  record:   the  Mercersburg  theologj\ 

4- 
The   Methodists:   record:   theological  attitude:   early  changes  in   polity. 
New  agencies  in  Methodism:   societies,  colleges,  theological  schools. 
The  Methodist  law  of  itineracy:  the  subject  of  lay  delegation:  schisms. 
Division  of  Methodists  on  slavery:  action  of  1844,   1848:  effect  of  the  war. 
Lay  delegation,  North  and  South:  the  question  of  women  delegates. 
Most  recent  organizings  of  Methodist  work:  Methodist  leaders. 

5. 
The  Baptists:  conditions  early  in  the  century:   founding  of  institutions. 
The  Baptist  Church  divided  by  slavery:  position  of  Southern  Baptists. 
Baptist  Church  related  to  Bible  Society:  related  to  immersion  argument. 
The  Disciples  or  Christians:  their  founders,  customs,  chief  tenet,  record. 

6. 

Episcopalians  after  Revolutionary  War:  progress  of  organization. 
Evangelical  and  High  Church  parties  in  United  States:  leaders  and  work. 
Diverse  attitudes  toward  Tractarianism :  memorial  of  1853:  action  of  1874. 
The  Reformed  Episcopal  Church:  its  origin,  character  and  record. 
Lambeth  Quadrilateral:  the  fourth  point:  episcopate  of  Phillips  Brooks. 

7- 
Lutherans:   sources  of  progress:   their  divisions:  their  organizations. 
The  Lutheran  trend  to  confessionalism:  predestinarian  revival. 
The  trend  to  High  Church  Lutheranism:  type  of  Lutheran  polity. 

8. 
Quakers:  the  Hicksite  division:  Stephen  Grellet  as  a  Quaker  type. 

Z7 


9. 

Roman  Catholics:  sources  of  progress:  causes  of  loss. 

Development  of  Romanist  power:  money,  hierarchy,  orders,  institutions. 

Anti-Romanist  movements:  their  occasion:   their  criticism. 

Diverse  tendencies  in  Roman  Church  as  to  American  or  foreign  spirit. 

Controversy  in  Roman  Church  as  to  property:  trustee  or  episcopate  title. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  the  public  schools:  action  of  Councils. 

Views  of  Roman  hierarchy  against  public  schools:  relation  of  the  laity. 

Romanist  proposal  of  public  support  for  parochial  schools:   criticism. 

Attitude  of  Leo  XIII  toward  American  problems:  visit  of  SatoUi. 

Roman  Church  in  the  United  States  related  to  dogma:  infallibility  decree. 

Two  propositions  of  Roman  apology  in  the  United  States:  Brownson. 

ID. 

Mormons:  their  origin:  their  movement:  the  Book  of  Mormon. 
The  Mormon  idea  of  theocracy:  the  Mormon  actual  solidarity. 
Mormon  plural  marriage:  the  teaching:  the  expediency:  the  two  types. 
Mormon  conception  of  Deity:  one-time  doctrine  of  blood-atonement. 
The  spirit,  the  progress,  the  present  position  of  Mormonism. 

II. 
Socialistic  Communities:  their  classes,  names,  character,  outcome. 
Spiritism:  its  recent  appearances:  its  influence:  its  character. 


Denominations  in  United  States:  approximate  number  in  leading  bodies. 


Church  in  Canada:  proportion  of  Romanists  and  Protestants:  developments. 
Church  of  England  in  Canada:  claims:  oppositions:  Clergy  Reserve. 
Methodism  in  Canada:  its  beginnings,  leaders,  organization,  education. 
Presbyterians  in  Canada:  origin,  leaders,  organizations,  union,  education. 
Congregationalists  in  Canada:  Baptists  in  Canada. 

Canadian  Roman  Catholics:  earlier  aspect:  growth  of  Ultramontanism. 
Romanism  in  Canada  related  to  politics:  related  to  the  press. 
Romanism  in  Canada  related  to  baptized  Protestants:  to  school  system. 
Statistics  of  the  leading  religious  bodies  in  Canada. 

38 


IV. 

Early  Romanism  in  Spanish  America:  opposing  parties:  the  issue. 
Mexico:  Constitutions  related  to  religion:  clericals  at  home  and  abroad. 
Maximilian  in  Mexico:  accession,  papal  relation,  experience,  execution. 
Religiovts  liberalism  in  Mexico:  state  of  Catholic  clergy  and  religion. 
Protestants  in  Mexico:  missionary  enterprise  and  progress:  martyrdoms. 
Central  America:  religious  status  and  tendencies:  Protestant  missions. 
South  America:  state  of  religion  and  civilization  in  Ecuador:  in  Peru. 
Religion  and  civilization  in  Chili:  Argentine  Republic:  Uruguay:  Paraguay. 
Civil  and  religious  status  of  Brazil:  popular  attitude  toward  Roman  Church. 
Protestantism  in  South  America:  the  field,  the  societies,  the  results. 
General  religious  problems  in  Spanish  America  and  their  source, 

CHAPTER  V. 
Russia:  Nicholas  I:  Alexander  II:  the  people:  the  Czars  and  the  Church. 
The  Established  Church:  classes  and  customs  of  clergy:  their  numbers. 
Dissenters  in  Russia:  their  numbers  and  character. 
Position  of  the  Raskolniki:  principles  and  life  of  the  Stundists. 
Poland  and  Roman  Catholics  under  Russian  rule:  Lutherans  in  Russia. 
Greece:  ecclesiastical  autonomy:  the  Church's  doctrine,  polity,  life. 
Bulgaria:  religious  movement  and  its  causes:  political  position. 
Armenians:  the  Roman  Catholic  relation:  the  evangelical  movement. 
The  Nestorians:  their  origin,  location,  mission,  characteristics. 

CHAPTER  VI. 
Protestant  missions:  societies  in  i8th  century:  progress  in  19th  century. 
Earliest  missionary  undertakings:  the  Dutch  in  the  East  Indies. 
The  Moravians:  their  spirit:  their  work  in  West  Indies:  in  Guiana. 
The  Moravians  in  Greenland:  in  Labrador:  in  Africa:  in  Australia. 
Early  missions  in  India:  Ziegenbalg  and  Plutschau:  Schultz  and  Schwartz. 
India  as  a  missionary  field:  attitude  of  the  East  India  Company. 
Earliest  English  missionaries  in  India:  earliest  American:  results. 
William  Carey:  the  Baptists  in  Burma:  the  Baptists  among  the  Telugus. 
Alexander  Duff:  his  educational  principle:  its  influence. 
Christianity  in  Western  India:  in  Northwestern  provinces:  in  all  India. 
Measures  of  Christian  progress  in  India:  theistic  societies — their  varieties. 
Mohammedans  and  missions  in  India:  in  Turkey:  Robert  College. 

39 


China:  its  religious  systems:  missionaries,  societies,  results. 

Japan:  its  development:  its  religions:  missionaries,  societies,  results. 

Africa:  earliest  explorers:  David  Livingstone:  other  pioneers. 

South  Africa:  missionaries,  societies,  localities,  results. 

Western  Africa:  missionaries,  societies,  losses,  accomplishments. 

Central  Africa:  missionaries,  societies,  localities,  results. 

Principal  races  of  pagan  Africa:  their  religion:  Mohammedanism  in  Africa. 

American  Indians:  missionary  activities  in  the  19th  century. 

Christianity  in  Terra  del  Fuego:  in  the  West  Indies. 

Christianity  in  the  Society  Islands:  Friendly  Islands:  Fiji  Islands. 

Christianity  in  the  Sandwich  Islands:  in  New  Zealand:  in  other  islands. 

Christianity  in  Madagascar:  attitude  of  successive  rulers. 

Protestantism  in  missions:  Romanism  in  missions:  native  Christianity. 

The  "World's  Parliament  of  Religions":  its  nature,  values,  defects. 

CONCLUSION. 
Aspects  of  Christ's  ministry:  contrasted  aspect  of  the  Church. 
Good  and  evil  in  historic  movements  toward  reconciliation. 
Christianity's  actual  and  supreme  achievements,  private  and  public. 


40 


SUMMARY  TOPICS 

IN 

GENERAL  CHURCH  HISTORY. 

I. 

The  Church:  its  nature  and  its  beginning. 

Church  History:  its  field:  its  relation  to  the  visible  and  invisible. 

Periods  of  Church  History:  the  turning  points  and  explanation. 

Fullness  of  time  for  Christ  and  the  Christian  era. 

Preparations  in  pagan  life  for  Christian  beginnings. 

Foundations  for  Christian  history  in  Jewish  life. 

Credibility  of  historic  narrative  in  the  New  Testament. 

Significance  of  Pentecost:  and  charisms  in  the  Church. 

Record  of  the  Apostles'  work  and  influence. 

Peter's  position  in  the  Church:  the  Rome-question. 

Paul's  first,  second  and  third  missionary  journeys. 

Manner  of  Church  life  in  Apostolic  times. 

Church  officers  in  the  early  Church:  their  service  and  authority. 

IT. 
Locality  and  extent  of  early  Christian  progress. 
Early  missions  in  France:  St.  Denis:  Martin  of  Tours. 
Rome's  persecutions:  the  reason,  the  manner,  the  extent. 
The  chief  persecuting  emperors:  their  several  types. 
Early  martyrs  and  their  contribution  to  Christianity. 
Causes  for  Christianity's  progress  stated  by  Gibbon:  the  criticism. 
Early  anti-Christian  writers:  nature  of  their  writings. 
Early  Christian  apologists:  their  answer  to  infidelity. 
The  Apostolic  Fathers  and  their  writings. 
The  leading  schools  of  thought  in  early  Christianity. 
Classes  of  early  heresy  and  celebrated  leaders. 
Judaistic  heresies,  their  variety  and  general  idea. 

41 


Gnosticism,  its  sources,  varieties  and  ideas. 

Marcion  and  Marcionites:  history  and  ideas. 

Manichaeism:  sources,  history,  ideas. 

Monarchianisni:  schools,  leaders,  history. 

Apostolic  Constitutions  and  Canons:  early  Synods. 

Discipline  in  the  early  Church:  history  through  later  time. 

Early  schisms  in  the  Church:  their  cause  and  issue. 

Nature  and  reason  of  Rome's  leadership  in  early  Church. 

Stages  in  developing  office  from  presbyter  to  Pope. 

Early  and  later  doctrine  and  practice  as  to  Sunday. 

Earliest  annual  festivals  of  the  Christian  Church. 

Easter:   question  and  variation  in  its  observance. 

Baptism:  its  early  significance,  method,  subjects. 

Confirmation:  its  origin  and  developing  observance. 

The  Lord's  Supper:  its  early  meaning  and  way  of  observance. 

The  Lord's  Supper:  its  later  meaning  and  observance. 

The  Catacombs:  their  origin,  use.  Christian  testimony. 

Tertullian:  his  life,  writings,  influence. 

Origen:  his  life,  writings,  influence. 

IIL 

Constantine:  his  character:  his  relation  to  Christianity. 
Julian  the  Apostate:  his  spirit  and  effort:  the  result. 
Reciprocal  effects  of  alliance  between  Church  and  empire. 
Early  Christianity  in  Arabia:  in  Armenia:  in  Persia. 
Early  and  later  missionaries  in  Europe. 
Ulphilas  and  early  Christianity  among  the  Goths. 
Patrick  and  early  Christianity  in  Ireland. 
Arius  and  Arianism:   idea,  opponent,  conflict,  issue. 
The  Council  of  Nicaea:  its  description  and  decrees. 
The  eight  Ecumenical  Councils:  place,  time,  decrees. 
Nestorianism :  Eutychianism:  Monophysitism. 
The  content  and  importance  of  Chalcedon's  decree,  451. 
Pelagius  and  Pelagianism:  idea,  opponent,  conflict,  issue. 
Education  of  the  clergy  in  early  Church  and  later. 
Celibacy:  the  question  and  the  observance  East  and  West. 
The  patriarchates  in  the  early  Church. 

42 


Origin  of  title — Pope:  earliest  Pope  in  the  modern  sense. 
Chief  Popes  from  Leo  I  to  the  Reformation:  stages  of  papacy. 
The  Donatists:  their  ideas  and  history. 
Sanctuaries  and  services:  early  and  later  customs. 
Veneration  of  saints,  relics,  images:  rise,  custom,  effect. 
Miracles  in  post-Apostolic  Church:  tradition  and  criticism. 
Monasticism:  its  origin:  stages  in  its  development. 
Paul  of  Thebes:  Anthony:  Pachomius. 
Benedict  of  Nursia:  his  life:  the  Benedictines. 
Monasticism's  service  to  the  Church:  and  its  detriment. 
Eminent  writers  in  the  early  Church  and  their  work. 
Athanasius:  Chrysostom:  Ambrose:  Jerome:  Augustine. 
Hymns:  their  importance  to  the  Church:  early  and  later  writers. 
Liturgy:  its  early  and  later  meaning:  early  and  later  classes. 
Architecture:  earliest  and  developing  forms  related  to  the  Church. 
Painting:  early  subjects  and  its  development  related  to  the  Church. 

IV. 

The  barbarian  movement  west:  effect  on  Christian  Church. 

Chief  Christian  missionaries  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Missionary  movement  in  Scotland:  Columba:  the  Culdees. 

Missionary  movement  in  Ireland:  Saint  Patrick. 

Missionary  movement  in  England:  the  Saxon  and  British  churches. 

Missionary  movement  in  Germany:   Columbanus:  Boniface. 

Missionary  movement  in  Switzerland:  Gallus. 

Missionary  movement  in  Netherlands:  Wilfrid:  Willibrord. 

Missionary  movement  in  Scandinavia:  Anschar. 

Mohammed — character  and  life:  Mohammedanism — record. 

Charles  Martel:  Charlemagne:  Alfred  the  Great. 

Monothelite  controversy:  Iconoclastic  controversy:   Filioque  controversy. 

The  dividing  of  the  Church — East  and  West. 

Church  and  Empire:  effect  of  union  for  good  and  ill  on  each. 

Gregory  I:  Gregory  VII:  Innocent  III:  Boniface  VIII. 

Papacy's  temporal  possessions:  the  False  Decretals. 

The  interdict:  the  ordeal:  the  truce  of  God. 

Monastic  orders:  names,  characteristics,  activities,  effects. 

Henry  IV:  Thomas  Becket:  Arnold  of  Brescia. 

43 


The  Cathari:  the  Albigenses:  the  Waldenses. 

Guelf  and  Ghibelline:  Gallican  and  Ultramontane. 

The  Crusades:  the  Military  Orders. 

The  Carthusians  and  the  Cistercians:   Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

The  Mendicant  Orders:  Francis  of  Assisi:  Dominic. 

Scholasticism:  Mysticism:  Humanism. 

The  Babylonish  Captivity:  the  Great  Schism. 

The  period  of  papal  infamy:  the  three  Reforming  Councils. 

V. 

Early  Reformation  writers,  preachers,  workers,  societies. 

John  VVyckliffe:  Erasmus. 

John  Huss:  Jerome  of  Prague:  Savonarola. 

The  Lollards:  the  Bohemians:  Brethren  of  the  Common  Life. 

Conditions  and  movements  of  world  at  Reformation  time. 

Principles  of  the  Reformation,  positive  and  negative. 

Great  Reformation  leaders:  their  relation  to  one  another. 

Martin  Luther:  his  life,  his  teaching,  his  accomplishment. 

Confession  of  Augsburg:   Augsburg  Interim:  Peace  of  Augsburg. 

The  name — Protestant:  the  Anabaptists:  the  Peasant  revolt. 

John  Calvin:  his  life,  his  teaching,  his  accomplishments. 

Melancthon  and  his  work:  Zwingli  and  his  work. 

Reformation  in  Scandinavia:  its  manner  and  progress. 

Reformation  in  France:  characteristics,  course,  issue. 

Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew:  Edict  of  Nantes  and  Revocation. 

Reformation  in  Italy:  Reformation  in  Spain:  an  auto  de  fe. 

Reformation  in  the  Netherlands:  character  and  issues. 

William  of  Orange:  Charles  V:  Philip  II:  Duke  of  Alva. 

Arminian  controversy:  the  Synod  of  Dort. 

John  Knox  and  the  Reformation  in  Scotland. 

Reformation  in  England:  distinctiveness  and  results. 

Henry  VIII:  Edward  VI:  Mary:  Elizabeth. 

Tyndale:  Wolsey:  the  English  martyrs. 

VI. 

The  Puritans:  their  ideas,  character,  experience. 

Episcopacy,  Presbytery,  Congregationalism:  the  Westminster  Assembly. 

Church  in  England  under  Cromwell:  under  the  Stuarts. 

44 


The  Act  of  Uniformity:  the  Test  Act. 

The  Revolution  of  1688  and  the  Church:  the  Non-Jurors. 

The  Quakers:  their  origin,  character,  history. 

Reformation  in  Ireland:  its  movement  and  issue. 

The  Council  of  Trent:  its  record  and  significance. 

The  Inquisition:  its  origin,  methods,  extent,  effects. 

The  Jesuits:  their  founding,  organization,  character,  record. 

Francis  Xavier:  his  character,  work,  accomplishments. 

Thirty  Years  War:  Gustavus  Adolphus:  Peace  of  Westphalia. 

Jansenism — Pascal:  Port  Royal  School — Madame  Guyon. 

The  Syncretists — Calixtus:  the  Moravians — Zinzendorf. 

English  Deists  of  i8th  century:  Lord  Herbert's  five  articles. 

Life,  morals  and  religion  in  England  before  Wesleyan  revival. 

John  Wesley:  his  life,  character,  record,  accomplishment. 

Charles  Wesley:  his  character,  life  and  work. 

George  Whitefield:  his  record,  power,  doctrine. 

The  Oxford  Club:  its  members,  customs,  influence. 

Methodism:  its  organizing,  characteristics  and  progress. 

The  Reformed  Church  of  Scotland:  secessions  and  unions. 

VII. 

Religious  elements  in  the  early  occupying  of  America. 

Roman  Catholic  establishment  in  the  early  colonies  of  America. 

Spanish  missions  to  the  Indians:  French  missions. 

French  Huguenot  colonies  in  the  South  and  in  the  North. 

The  Dutch  Reformed  establishment  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

The  Church  of  England  in  the  colonies:  condition  and  later  organizing. 

Relation  of  Roman  Catholic  and  Protestant  in  Maryland. 

Congregational  establishments:  character  and  influence. 

Plymouth  colony:  Massachusetts  Bay  colony. 

New  England  missions  to  the  Indians. 

Roger  Williams:  Mrs.  Hutchinson:  Witchcraft. 

The  Half- Way  Covenant:  the  Great  Revival. 

Jonathan  Edwards:  his  character,  life  and  work. 

Presbyterianism  in  America:  its  start,  growth,  influence. 

Gilbert  Tennent:  his  work  and  the  revival  controversy. 

The  Baptists  in  America:  their  early  and  later  record. 

45 


The  Quakers  in  America:  their  early  and  later  record. 
Methodism  in  America:  its  pioneers  and  its  progress. 
Lutherans  in  America:  sources,  characteristics,  tendencies. 
Universalism:  its  origin  and  record  in  England  and  America. 
Unitarianism:  its  origin  and  record  in  England  and  America. 
The  early  Church  of  America  related  to  social  questions. 
The  later  Church  in  America  related  to  slavery:  to  temperance. 

VIII. 
The  Bull  Unigenitus:  its  occasion,  content,  significance. 
The  Skeptical  movement  in  France,  i8th  century. 
Voltaire:  his  character,  ability,  teaching,  influence. 
The  Church  and  religion  and  the  French  Revolution. 
German  theological  thought:  Hegel,  Kant,  Schleiermacher. 
Emanuel  Swedenborg:  his  life,  his  ideas,  his  followers. 
Ritschlianism:  the  ideas:  the  present  influence. 
Papacy  in  Europe  in  19th  century:  spirit  of  the  Popes. 
The  Vatican  Council:  its  character  and  decrees. 
The  Old  Catholics:  their  origin  and  record. 
The  Syllabus  of  1864:  its  nature  and  contents. 
The  rise  of  a  Free  Italy:  the  Papal  Guarantees. 
Church  in  Holland  in  the  19th  century. 
Church  in  England  in  the  19th  century. 
Tractarianism — Oxford  movement:  Newman:  Manning. 
Evangelical  school:  its  spirit  and  leaders. 
The  Broad  Church:  its  principles  and  leaders. 
The  Free  Church  of  Scotland:  Thomas  Chalmers. 
Plymouth  Brethren:   Catholic  Apostolic  Church — Edward  Irving. 

IX. 

Relation  of  Church  and  State  in  the  United  States. 
State  of  religion  at  the  founding  of  the  United  States. 
Revivals  in  the  United  States  in  the  19th  century. 
Influence  of  the  Civil  War  on  various  denominations. 
Variations  in  New  England  theology. 
The  Plan  of  Union — Congregational  and  Presbyterian. 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church:  rise  and  record. 
Old  School  and  New  School  Presbyterians,  and  reunion. 


Recent  tendencies  and  occurrences  in  Presbyterianism. 
German  Reformed  Church:  Mercersburg  theology. 
Methodism:  its  work  and  developments  in  the  United  States. 
Baptists:  their  characteristics  and  schools  in  the  United  States. 
The  Disciples,  or  the  Christian  Church:  origin,  principles,  progress. 
Episcopal  spirit  and  parties:  Reformed  Episcopal  Church. 
The  Lambeth  Articles:  origin,  contents;  criticism  of  them. 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States:  sources,  doctrine,  polity. 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States:  progress  and  spirit. 
Mormonism  in  the  United  States:  history,  character,  influence. 
Socialistic  Communities  in  the  United  States:  character  and  record. 

X. 

The  Eastern  Church:  divisions,  character,  record  in  19th  century. 
Earliest  modern  missionary  societies  and  leaders. 
Missionary  work  of  the  Moravians:  where,  when,  with  what  success. 
Missionary  work  in  India:  societies,  workers,  accomplishments. 
Missionary  work  in  China:  societies,  workers,  accomplishments. 
Missionary  work  in  Japan:  societies,  workers,  accomplishments. 
Missionary  work  in  Africa:  societies,  workers,  accomplishments. 
Missionary  work  in  South  America:  societies,  workers,  accomplishments. 
Missionary  work  in  Islands  of  the  Sea:  societies,  workers,  accomplishments. 
The  Parliament  of  Religions. 

XL 

The  great  Auxiliary  organizations  of  the  Church. 

The  developing  forms  of  the  Church's  practical  work. 

The  present-day  tendencies  in  the  Church's  doctrine  and  life. 


47 


SPECIAL  TOPICS 

IN 

History  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church 

IN   THE 

Netherlands  and  America. 
I. 

The  Netherlands  under  the  successive  empires. 
Government  in  the  Netherlands  in  Reformation  time. 
Succession  of  Netherlands  rule  until  present  day. 
Character  of  Netherlands  people  from  earliest  history. 
World-position  of  the  Netherlands  in  Reformation  time. 
Contributions  of  the  Netherlands  to  modern  history. 
Earliest  Christian  missionaries  in  the  Netherlands. 
Wilfrid:   his  character,  life  and  work. 
Willibrord:  his  character,  life  and  work. 

II. 

Conditions  of  the  Dutch  Church  in  the  pre-Reformation. 
Earliest  representatives  of  the  Reformation  spirit. 
Gerhard  Groote:  his  spirit,  teaching  and  record. 
Brethren  of  the  Common  Life:  the  system  and  work. 
Wessel  Gansevoort:  his  life,  teaching,  influence. 
Rudolf  Agricola:  his  life  and  accomplishments. 
Erasmus:  his  work  and  attitude  toward  the  Reformation. 
Methods  and  progress  of  the  Reformation  movement. 
Charles  V:  his  character  and  relation  to  the  people. 
Attitude  and  methods  of  Charles  toward  the  Reformation. 
Martyrdom  of  Esch  and  Voes:  of  Pistorius. 
Philip  II:  his  spirit  and  activity  against  the  Reformation. 
The  League:  its  organization,  purpose  and  work. 

48 


Organizing  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  Netherlands. 

Synod  of  Antwerp:  of  Wesel:  of  Embden:  of  Middleburg. 

Piesbyterian  polity  adopted  by  the  Dutch  Church. 

BeJgic  Confession:  its  author,  characteristics,  adoption. 

Heidelberg  Catechism:  its  authors,  characteristics,  adoption. 

The  Liturgy:  its  origin,  formation  and  adoption. 

Herman  Stryker  and  Jan  Arentsen:  preaching  and  influence. 

The  Duke  of  Alva:  Councils  of  Tumult  (of  Blood). 

Count  Egmont  and  Count  Horn:  their  work:  their  execution. 

Extent  of  distress,  exile,  martyrdoms. 

III. 
William  of  Orange:  his  family,  early  record,  character. 
Successive  religious  affiliations  of  Prince  of  Orange. 
The  Prince  of  Orange  in  the  national  leadership. 
Successes  and  reverses  of  the  national  warfare. 
The  historic  sieges  of  Harlem,  Alkmaar,  Leyden. 
Triumph  of  Reformed  faith:  Rise  of  Dutch  Republic. 
Assembly  of  States,  Dordrecht  1572:  William,  Stadholder. 
The  Union  of  Utrecht,  1579;  seven  northern  provinces. 
Fate  of  the  Reformation  in  the  southern  provinces. 
Assembly  at  the  Hague,  1581:  declaration  of  independence. 
Acknowledgment  of  independence  by  Spain,  1648. 
Treatment  of  Romanists  by  Protestants. 
The  Netherlands  as  refuge  for  those  persecuted  elsewhere. 
The  rule  of  William  of  Orange:  his  assassination,  1584. 
Maurice  as  Stadholder:  John  of  Barneveldt:   Grotius. 

IV. 
Arminius:  his  record,  teaching,  arraignment:   Episcopius. 
Action  of  Church  assemblies:  participation  by  the  State. 
The  Synod  of  Dort,   1618-19:  its  constituency  and  sessions. 
Canons  of  the  Synod  of  Dort:  content,  spirit,  effect. 
Post  Acta  of  the  Synod  of  Dort:  content  and  importance. 
Treatment  of  Arminians  immediate  and  later. 

V. 
Coming  of  the  Dutch  to  America:  time  and  circumstance. 
Manner  and  extent  and  importance  of  Dutch  settlement. 

49 


Manner  and  character  of  the  Dutch  colonial  rule. 

Displacement  by  the  English  in  political  possession. 

Effect  of  the  English  occupation  on  Dutch  population. 

Contribution  of  the  Dutch  to  American  commonwealth. 

Source  of  activity  and  support  for  Dutch  Church  in  America. 

Earliest  religious  officers  and  services  in  New  Netherlands. 

Sebastian  Jansen  Crol  and  Jan  Huyck,  Krankenbesoekers. 

Successive  worship-places  in  New  Amsterdam. 

First  Dutch  minister  in  New  Amsterdam:  Jonas  Michaelius. 

Organizing  the  Church  in  New  Amsterdam,  1628:  officers:  congregation. 

Everardus  Bogardus:  his  work  and  death:  Anneke  Jans. 

Earliest  Dutch  churches  in  America:   dates  of  organizing. 

Relation  to  other  nationalities  and  other  churches. 

Early  Dutch  Church  and  early  English  Church. 

Early  Dutch  rule  related  to  Lutherans  and  Quakers. 

Early  Dutch  relation  to  the  Indians:  missions  to  them. 

The  Huguenot  colonists  and  the  Dutch  Church. 

Megapolensis :  Drisius:  Polhemus:  Selyns. 

First  Classis  in  America,  1679:  ordination  of  Tesschenmaker. 

State  of  the  Church  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 

Manner  of  ministerial  education  and  ordination. 

Charter  of  Collegiate  Church,  1696:  relation  to  Trinity. 

The  German  Church  in  America  related  to  the  Dutch. 

Eminent  German  ministers  in  early  service  of  Dutch  Church. 

VI. 

Theodorus  Jacobus  Frelinghuysen:    family,   education,   character. 
Services  of  Frelinghuysen  for  religion  and  the  Dutch  Church. 
Progress  of  the  Church  in  first  half  of  i8th  century. 
The  Coetus:  its  origin,  authority,  plan,  establishment  17 47- 
The  Circles,  or  local  divisions,  arranged  by  the  Coetus. 
Evolution  of  the  Coetus  into  a  Classis  (for  ordination)   1755- 
The  Conferentie  organizing  prior  opposition  to  the  Coetus,   i755- 
Character  and  progress  and  end  of  the  controversy. 
The  Plan  of  Union,   1771:  its  origin  and  its  contents. 
The  Convention  of   1771,  of  1772:  approved  by  Amsterdam. 
The  Particular  Bodies  composing  the  General  Body. 

50 


John  Henry  Livingston:  his  family,  education,  character. 
Services  of  Livingston  to  religion,  education,  the  Dutch  Church. 
Church  controversy  as  to  a  College  and  a  Professor  of  Divinity. 
Proposals  of  Professorship  in  King's  College;  in  Princeton  College. 
Founding  of  Queen's   (Rutgers)   College,   1766,  at  New  Brunswick:  charter. 
Founding  of  Theological  Professorship:  J.  H.  Livingston,   1784. 
General  and  Particular  Bodies  called  Synod  and  Classes,  1784. 
Schenectady  Academy  (Union  College)   founded  by  Dr.  Romeyn,   1785. 
Synod  adopts  Constitution,  Symbols  and  Liturgy,  1792. 
The  General  Synod  organized,   1794:  its  constituency. 
Translation  of  Symbols,  development  of  Liturgy,  Explanatory  Articles. 
The  character  and  successive  places  of  Dr.  Livingston's  work. 
Relation  of  Queen's   (Rutgers)   College  and  New  Brunswick  Seminary. 

VII. 
The  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  incorporated,   18 19. 
Progress  of  the  Church  in  first  half  of  19th  century. 
The  Secession  in   1822:  True  Reformed  Dutch  Church. 
The  immigration  from  Holland:  its  occasion  and  leaders. 
Van  Raalte  and  Scholte  and  the  western  settlement. 
Affiliation  of  modern  Hollanders  with  the  Church. 
The  Christian  Reformed  Church:  its  constituency  and  growth. 
Hope  College:  its  origin,  work  and  influence. 
The  Western  Seminary:  its  establishment  and  record. 
The  name — Reformed  Church  in  America,  1867. 

VIII. 

Progress  of  the  Church  in  last  half  of  19th  century. 

Domestic  Missions:  the  organization  and  history. 

Leaders  and  localities  in  American  extension. 

Foreign  Missions:  the  organization  and  history. 

Eminent  missionaries  in  the  foreign  field. 

Borneo:  China:  India:  Japan:  Arabia. 

Development  of  Rutgers  College  in  the  19th  century. 

Development  of  New  Brunswick  Seminary  in  19th  century. 

Status  of  the  Church  in  the  20th  century. 

Characteristic  values  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America. 

51 


Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 

vSyracuse,  N.  Y. 

PAT,  JAN.  21,  1908 


Date  Due 

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